Chapter 11 - The Progress Of The War Flashcards
What did the sc demand?
People be given the right to ‘rise up’
Retribution on the military generals that had betrayed people’s trust
What had the pressures led to?
Levee en masse
Who proposed this?
Bertrand Barere
For CPS
23 Aug 1793
What did the Levee en masse order?
‘all French people are on permanent requisition for the services of the armies’
What was the Levee en masse?
An order forcing everyone to participate in the war effort
What did widowers and bachelored men have to do?
Immediate military service
What did married men have to do?
Forge weapons and transport supplies
What did women have to do?
Make tents and serve in hospitals
What did children have to do?
Shred old linen for lint
What did the old have to do?
Excite the courage of warriors
Preach hatred of kings and the unity of the republic
Why did they only call up young men to fight?
They were more in need of weapons and supplies than of fighters
What did the three men responsible for the legislation create?
A commission of technicians and scientists
What other development did they also support?
The Telegraph to carry dispatches
Balloonists to observe the enemy
What did a new manufacturing process increase?
Supply of gunpowder
Manuals were issued to show workshops and factories how to manufacture steel
Who was responsible for this new reorganising of Frances naval defences?
Sant-Andre
Former Protestant pastor
How many men were in arms by 1794?
Over 1 million
How many armies were well-trained and supplied?
14
What did the representants-en-mission start increasing?
Made sure morale was up and generals stayed loyal
What became political crimes?
Military defeat
Failure to follow through victory
What did Carnot and Saint-just do?
Replaced aristocratic generals with new younger commanders who were committed to the rev
What was the white (inherited AR) uniform replaced with?
Blue uniform (previously worn by volunteers)
What happened overall when Carnot took over the organisation?
The situation gradually began to improve
What victories gave a psychological boost to the country?
Battle of Wattignies
Three Austrian regiments destroyed
Invaders from the Pyrenees + Alps pushed back
Internal counter-rev + federalist revolts crushed
What did the CPS say in the Oct?
‘the cowardly satellites of tyranny have fled before you’
What development of war happened Aug 1793?
Austro-Prussian forces beseige Landau
Republican forces beseige Lyons
French win victory at Furnes
Seige of Dunkirk
Rebels crushed in Marseilles
Rebels invite British into Toulon
What development of war happened Sept 1793?
French win Battle of Hondschoote
Seige of Dunkirk lifted
Spain win Battle of Trouillas
What development of war happened Oct 1793?
Lyons surrenders to Republicans
The AP Army pushes French to Rhine
French win at Wattignies
Republicans beat rebels at Cholet
Marseilles recaptured by Republican troops
What development of war happened Nov 1793?
French defeat P at Kaiserslauten
What development of war happened Dec 1793?
Vendeean rebels defeated at Le Mans
Republican forces enter Toulon
French defeat A at Worth
Vendeean rebels defeated at Battle of Savenay
French take back Weissenburg lines + Rhine
Alsace taken
Siege of Landau raised
What was the next period of time called?
The Terror
What collapsed after the expulsion of the leading Girondins?
‘moderate’ faction in NC collapsed
Montagnards + Robespierre dominated govt
Were the discussions by the CPS more public or private now?
Private
Who’s orders could the CPS suspend if they felt them to be ‘contrary to public interest’?
The Executive Council
What percentage of the CPS had to vote for something for it to be carried out by the Executive Council?
2/3rds
What did the CPS also assume authority over?
CGS
(Committee of General Security)
Who else did they supervise?
Other special committees + groups
Representants-en-mission
How many members were in the CPS?
12
Initially 9
How regularly were they supposed to change?
Once a month
They decided to keep their positions in Sept
Who did the members include?
Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon, Carnot
Who did they report to weekly?
The Convention
Did the Convention have as much control as the CPS?
No the finances were still invested helping the CPS
What time period did the CPS rule unchallenged?
Sept 1793 - July 1794
Why would they meet at night?
It was when the work of the Conv + Jacobin club was done
Why was it called the ‘Terror’?
Its intense + ruthless campaign to destroy all counter-revs
How did the Montagnards try to remove the ‘moderate’ voice of the Girondins?
‘Sell themselves’ to the sc
Who wasn’t fully comfortable about this?
Robespierre
Why was there constant rioting in the capital?
Grain shortages + unemployment
Why did people become angrier after 13 July?
Radical journalist Marat was murdered by a Girondin (Charlotte Corday)
What did the sc demand?
All ‘suspects’ be arrested
What did the CPS circulate copies of?
A painting of Marat in a pose reminisent of the dead Christ in the Tomb
What was the message of this?
Marat was a martyr to the rev
What did the sc do 5 Sept?
Marched on the Conv
What did they demand?
Lower bread prices
Higher wages
Attack on those oppressing the people
What did they do to address this?
Promised action against grain-hoarders + counter-revs
Allowed 2 activists to join the CPS
What were the names of the two men?
Varenne + Herbois
What new legislation was created 9 Sept?
sc paramilitary forces (armees revolutionaires) to force farmers to surrender grain + attack hoarders
They were placed under military command
What new legislation was created 17 Sept?
The Law of suspects = ‘suspect’ could be arrested for their conduct, relationships, words or writings
Who were most suspected?
Nobles
Relatives of emigres
Officers
Hoarders
What was also made for the LofS?
Revolutionary Tribunal
The comites de sureillance
What new legislation was created 29 Sept?
The New Law of the General Maximum = replaced law of May, laid down maximum price for grain, flour, meat, oil, onions, soap, firewood
It imposed wage regulations
What did Danton first say?
‘Let us be terrible in order to stop the people from being so’
What was uttered on 5 Sept by an unknown Jacobin deputy?
‘to place terror on the order of the day’
