Chapter 20 - Financial And Ecomonic Policies And Problems

Question 1

Why did N have to maintain high level of taxation?

Answer 1

Costs of war

Question 2

What taxes were carried on from before?

Answer 2

Contribution foncière - land tax
Custom duties
Fees for registrations + services

Question 3

What did N officials start drawing up in 1807?

Answer 3

New Cadastre

Question 4

What did the cadastre do?

Answer 4

Measured the value of land to recalculate land tax
Only 1/5 of country assessed by 1815

Question 5

What were towns and cities allowed to enforce in 1803?

Answer 5

Octrois

Question 6

How were tax collectors + inspectors assessed?

Answer 6

Paid in proportion to the taxes they collected
Tax receipts passed onto receivers
Inspected by central govt

Question 7

What was the central office for handling and auditing the states finances?

Answer 7

Cour des Comptes
Kept detailed accounts of income + expenditure
Had to authorise release of money

Question 8

What did the govt rely on the most heavily?

Answer 8

Indirect taxes
Like on playing cards, alcohol, salt and tobacco all x4

Question 9

What did N declare the only legal tender would be?

Answer 9

Metal coinage

Question 10

What was established in 1800?

Answer 10

Bank of France
To provide credit for govt + entrepreneurs

Question 11

What was the small issue of paper money limited to?

Answer 11

Use in Paris
500 - 1000 franc notes
Only for merchants

Question 12

What else did N control?

Answer 12

Sale of govt bonds at reasonable interest

Question 13

What did the new Minister of the Interior Chaptal add to help the economy?

Answer 13

Bureau of Statistics - gain info on pop, agriculture + commerce

Question 14

What society did he create?

Answer 14

Société d’encouragement pour l’industrie National - society giving prizes for commerce

Question 15

What did he establish in every department?

Answer 15

Councils for agriculture, arts + commerce

Question 16

What did Chaptal’s encouragement increase?

Answer 16

Mechanisation + technical innovation
Mass production of consumer goods

Question 17

What did his report of that year say?

Answer 17

Wool industry - increase by 400%
Silk value increase by 64 million

Question 18

What was the largest sector of the French economy?

Answer 18

Agriculture

Question 19

How did some regions improve?

Answer 19

Large landowners developed their estates
New ideas of crops + animal breeding + scientific farming

Question 20

What did most of France still stay with?

Answer 20

Peasant farmers who could barely support their own needs
New civil code = more divided land
Scared to improve for rent increases

Question 21

Why did the govt try to encourage growth of ‘replacement crops’?

Answer 21

Avoid dependence on colonial production which was disrupted by war

Question 22

What were replacement crops?

Answer 22

Cotton
Dyes
Tobacco
Sugar

Question 23

Who were ordered to make sure there was enough land set aside for these?

Answer 23

Prefects

Question 24

What was prohibited to stimulate sugar beet industry?

Answer 24

Imports on sugar cane

Question 25

What did they now export that they before had to import?

Answer 25

Butter, cheese + vegetable oils

Question 26

What were the opportunity costs of war on trade?

Answer 26

Peacetime industry investment
Labour

Question 27

How did N pay for the wars?

Answer 27

Tightened taxation
Soldiers had low wages
Loans
Selling land taking from conquered territory

Question 28

What part of land did N sell?

Answer 28

Louisiana
Got 50 million francs
Cancelled 18 million francs worth of debt

Question 29

Where did trade with France move with?

Answer 29

Less Atlantic + overseas
More F allies + conquered territories in Europe

Question 30

What did the British effect?

Answer 30

Maritime commerce
Reduced trade passing through Marseilles

Question 31

When were B good banned from F?

Answer 31

From 1793

Question 32

What was the continental blockade that N introduced called?

Answer 32

Continental system

Question 33

What did the continental blockade do?

Answer 33

Banned all F trade with B
Insisted F allies + neutral countries follow suit
Or be treated as F enemies

Question 34

What did this intensify?

Answer 34

Economic warfare

Question 35

What did N aim to do?

Answer 35

Weaken B + force it to sue for peace
Get Atlantic trade back
Increase trade by filling B gap

Question 36

Why did the continental system fail?

Answer 36

F Navy couldn’t hold onto coastlines
Not strong enough to uphold it
Smuggling thrived

Question 37

Who smuggled and did illegal practices?

Answer 37

Gendarmes

Question 38

What did they do?

Answer 38

Contrabande - illegal goods
Fraude - not paying duties

Question 39

What was the B counter-action?

Answer 39

Depriving F of raw materials

Question 40

What were left in short supply?

Answer 40

Sugar
Coffee
Coats
Shoes

Question 41

What was N forced to allow?

Answer 41

Some licensed trade with B to raise funds

Question 42

What made up for the loss of selling in Europe for B?

Answer 42

Trade with North + South America

Question 43

Why was most of the population limited to economic change?

Answer 43

Still tied to farming
Heavily taxed
Low standard of living

Question 44

Why was industrial work unattractive?

Answer 44

Workers restrained by livret
Ban on trade unions
Living conditions in towns and cities were poor
Joining army more attractive to people wanting advancement

Question 45

Where was there only an incentive to expand?

Answer 45

In war based industries
Others had loss of markets in wars

Question 46

What was the change in attitude with the bourgeois?

Answer 46

No desire to invest in industry or trade
Satisfied with biens nationaux
To trade was looked down on

Question 47

What still remained poor in this period?

Answer 47

Communications
Only some new roads for military built

Question 48

What gave farmers little incentive to change practices?

Answer 48

State control of prices and food
But did prevent food riots

Question 49

Why by 1810 was F in severe debt?

Answer 49

1806 - expenditure outstripped income
1809 - poor harvest + banking crisis