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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 23 - Challenges To The Empire > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Challenges To The Empire Flashcards

1
Q

What was the purpose of the continental blockade?

A

Undermining B commerce

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2
Q

What did N issue in Nov 1806?

A

The Berlin Decree

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3
Q

What did this do?

A

Forbade all states under F control or allies to buy B goods

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4
Q

What did the B respond with this?

A

‘Orders in Council’ 1807

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5
Q

What did this mean?

A

B wouldn’t buy goods from F or it’s allies
Royal Navy would blockade the ports of F + allies

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6
Q

What happened if any ships didn’t comply?

A

They were seized

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7
Q

What did N say in the Milan Decree 1807?

A

Any ships that were searched by Royal Navy were liable to capture by the F

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8
Q

What resources became very scarce and expensive?

A

Tea
Coffee
Sugar
Tobacco
(Provoked uprisings)

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9
Q

What countries failed to comply?

A

Portugal
Russia

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10
Q

What was the start of the Peninsular war?

A

Joint Franco-Spanish force created to take Portugal = entry for B goods
P Royal Family fled
S plagued with chaos + corruption
N attempted coup 1808

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11
Q

How did N force the abdication of the S King Charles?

A

100,000 soldiers came in under pretext of taking P
But then forced Charles to abdicate

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12
Q

What were the S divided among?

A

Middle class - welcomed F + reform
Landowners - didn’t want to lose land
Clerics - thought F were godless
Catholic peasants - hostile to outsiders

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13
Q

Who beat N forces in S?

A

Rebel S formed resistance committees
Jul 1808 Army of Andalusia defeated N forces at Battle of Bailén
Forced F to retreat

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14
Q

How many F men surrendered?

A

22,000

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15
Q

Who did N put as new King of S?

A

Bro Joseph

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16
Q

What did the B do Aug 1808?

A

Sent Duke of Wellington
Made B+S army
They defeated F at Vimiero in P
Gave B ports to pressure F

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17
Q

What did N do 4 Dec?

A

Put himself in command of S
Entered Madrid with 80,000 troops

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18
Q

What military tactic did the F find difficult to do in S?

A

Live off the land
S hostile - Guerilla attacks
Contact was difficult

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19
Q

What was Guerilla warfare?

A

Peasants avoiding open conflict
Ambushes + night raids

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20
Q

What did the B try and do to the F in S?

A

Harass them
Cut communication lines

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21
Q

What did the F do to prevent B troops being evacuated?

A

Forced a battle
B saved by their navy to avoid harsh winter

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22
Q

Why did N have to leave?

A

Deal with Austrians who were planning attacks on F

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23
Q

Who returned to Lisbon 1809?

A

Wellesley B commander
Built forts + earthworks
Lines of Torres Vedras
This was to defend Lisbon

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24
Q

What happened to every victory by F in S?

A

They were countered

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25
Q

What was the war known as?

A

The ‘Spanish Ulcer’

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26
Q

What did Wellesley lead?

A

An invasion of France
Defeated F at Tolouse in 1814

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27
Q

What was the Austrian campaign?

A

A army restructured + undergone reforms after Austerlitz
Wanted to renter the war

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28
Q

Why did the A have the advantage?

A

N uncertain about A planning + intelligence

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29
Q

Where did A invade in April?

A

Bavaria

30
Q

Why was this slowed?

A

Poor roads
Freezing rain

31
Q

Where did the F defeat the A and force a retreat?

A

Battle of Eckmühl

32
Q

Where was N then forced to retreat to?

A

Entered Vienna
Met A at Essling
Lost 20,000 men
Forced to retreat to Danube

33
Q

What did N do for the next 6 weeks?

A

Planned and prepared next attempt at crossing the Danube

34
Q

How many troops did they have when they recrossed?

A

188,000

35
Q

Where did the two sides meet again?

A

Wagram

36
Q

How long did the battle last?

A

2 days

37
Q

Who won?

A

N
Although lost around 34,000 men

38
Q

What did the A negotiate for peace?

A

Treaty of Schönbrunn 1809

39
Q

What did it cost them?

A

83,000 square metres of territory
Sixth of population

40
Q

Who had the acquired territory been given to?

A

Russia - East Galicia
DofW - West Galicia
Bavaria - extended

41
Q

What was the alliance solidified by?

A

Marriage of N + Princess Marie-Louise Archduchess of Austria

42
Q

Why was the Austrian campaign less easily won?

A

N overconfident + less prepared
Army had less veterans + more new recruits
Relied on foreigners - deserted him
A learned from F
S campaigns diverted F troops + demoralised soldiers

43
Q

Why in 1810 did N bring Holland under direct F control?

A

Louis failed to apply conscription or continental system

44
Q

What started the Russian campaign?

A

Tsar Alexander’s annoyance at N

45
Q

Why was he annoyed?

A

Strains of continental system
N not marrying Russian princess
Concerned about his ambitions for Poland - R had already taken
Annoyed about N taking Oldenburg - owned by sis husband

46
Q

What did R do 1810?

A

Put tariffs on F imports
Allowed neutral ships - with B goods

47
Q

What did N do in retaliation?

A

Assembled grande armée

48
Q

When did N begin his invasion of R?

A

June 1812

49
Q

What was the R tactic when they met?

A

‘Scorched earth policy’

50
Q

What was the ‘scorched earth policy’?

A

R didn’t want F to rely on living off land so burned villages, crops, livestock as they retreated

51
Q

What did the Grande armee become reliant on?

A

Only had 4 days rations
Had to wait for a expanding supply line

52
Q

What else made the campaign difficult for the F?

A

Had poor maps
Inadequate clothing in winter
Limited medical supplies
Size of army = slowed down
Foreign recruits = less discipline
Disease = 1000s died

53
Q

How many men did the Russians lose?

A

40,000

54
Q

How many men did the French lose?

A

28,000

55
Q

Where did N eventually get to?

A

Moscow
But deserted + R governor set it on fire

56
Q

What was killing the F at this point?

A

Frostbite
Starvation
Harassment of peasant forces

57
Q

What did N do in the dec?

A

Abandoned his men to return to Paris
Plots to overthrow him
Army left disintegrated

58
Q

What did N lose in the R campaign?

A

Most if Grande Armee
New coalition formed where P + A broke their alliances with F

59
Q

What was the threat in F that N had to go back to?

A

Maler conspiracy
He convinced people N died in Moscow + convinced military to arrest govt officials so F could be turned into a republic
Stopped when N came back

60
Q

What did this show?

A

How reliant the empire was on N himself

61
Q

What was the war of the Fourth Coalition?

A

P signed with R + declared war on F
B + A + Sweden joined

62
Q

How big was the army N created within 3 months of the R campaign?

A

250,000

63
Q

When did he declare war on P?

A

April 1813

64
Q

What did they do after 3 victories?

A

Didn’t follow up a P retreat
Agreed to an armistice

65
Q

What battle did N face P + A + R+ S in Oct 1813?

A

‘Battle of the Nations’

66
Q

What was the ratio of allied soldiers to F?

A

3:2

67
Q

What happened to N in these battles?

A

Had to retreat
Refused a peace deal that allowed him to keep F natural frontiers

68
Q

What did the B do to contribute?

A

Wellesley captured Madrid + expelled Joseph from S
Battle of Vitoria jun 1813

69
Q

What treaty was made with the allies?

A

Treaty of Chaumont

70
Q

What did it say?

A

To preserve the coalition until N had been totally defeated + future of Europe settled

71
Q

What treaty did N marshals convince him to agree to when the allies entered Paris?

A

Treaty of Fontainebleau April 1814

72
Q

What did he agree to?

A

Give up throne
Could keep title of Emperor
£200,000 income
Elba as his own kingdom
Wife left him

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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