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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 23 - Challenges To The Empire > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Challenges To The Empire Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What was the purpose of the continental blockade?

A

Undermining B commerce

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2
Q

What did N issue in Nov 1806?

A

The Berlin Decree

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3
Q

What did this do?

A

Forbade all states under F control or allies to buy B goods

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4
Q

What did the B respond with this?

A

‘Orders in Council’ 1807

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5
Q

What did this mean?

A

B wouldn’t buy goods from F or it’s allies
Royal Navy would blockade the ports of F + allies

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6
Q

What happened if any ships didn’t comply?

A

They were seized

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7
Q

What did N say in the Milan Decree 1807?

A

Any ships that were searched by Royal Navy were liable to capture by the F

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8
Q

What resources became very scarce and expensive?

A

Tea
Coffee
Sugar
Tobacco
(Provoked uprisings)

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9
Q

What countries failed to comply?

A

Portugal
Russia

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10
Q

What was the start of the Peninsular war?

A

Joint Franco-Spanish force created to take Portugal = entry for B goods
P Royal Family fled
S plagued with chaos + corruption
N attempted coup 1808

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11
Q

How did N force the abdication of the S King Charles?

A

100,000 soldiers came in under pretext of taking P
But then forced Charles to abdicate

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12
Q

What were the S divided among?

A

Middle class - welcomed F + reform
Landowners - didn’t want to lose land
Clerics - thought F were godless
Catholic peasants - hostile to outsiders

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13
Q

Who beat N forces in S?

A

Rebel S formed resistance committees
Jul 1808 Army of Andalusia defeated N forces at Battle of Bailén
Forced F to retreat

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14
Q

How many F men surrendered?

A

22,000

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15
Q

Who did N put as new King of S?

A

Bro Joseph

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16
Q

What did the B do Aug 1808?

A

Sent Duke of Wellington
Made B+S army
They defeated F at Vimiero in P
Gave B ports to pressure F

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17
Q

What did N do 4 Dec?

A

Put himself in command of S
Entered Madrid with 80,000 troops

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18
Q

What military tactic did the F find difficult to do in S?

A

Live off the land
S hostile - Guerilla attacks
Contact was difficult

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19
Q

What was Guerilla warfare?

A

Peasants avoiding open conflict
Ambushes + night raids

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20
Q

What did the B try and do to the F in S?

A

Harass them
Cut communication lines

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21
Q

What did the F do to prevent B troops being evacuated?

A

Forced a battle
B saved by their navy to avoid harsh winter

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22
Q

Why did N have to leave?

A

Deal with Austrians who were planning attacks on F

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23
Q

Who returned to Lisbon 1809?

A

Wellesley B commander
Built forts + earthworks
Lines of Torres Vedras
This was to defend Lisbon

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24
Q

What happened to every victory by F in S?

A

They were countered

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25
What was the war known as?
The ‘Spanish Ulcer’
26
What did Wellesley lead?
An invasion of France Defeated F at Tolouse in 1814
27
What was the Austrian campaign?
A army restructured + undergone reforms after Austerlitz Wanted to renter the war
28
Why did the A have the advantage?
N uncertain about A planning + intelligence
29
Where did A invade in April?
Bavaria
30
Why was this slowed?
Poor roads Freezing rain
31
Where did the F defeat the A and force a retreat?
Battle of Eckmühl
32
Where was N then forced to retreat to?
Entered Vienna Met A at Essling Lost 20,000 men Forced to retreat to Danube
33
What did N do for the next 6 weeks?
Planned and prepared next attempt at crossing the Danube
34
How many troops did they have when they recrossed?
188,000
35
Where did the two sides meet again?
Wagram
36
How long did the battle last?
2 days
37
Who won?
N Although lost around 34,000 men
38
What did the A negotiate for peace?
Treaty of Schönbrunn 1809
39
What did it cost them?
83,000 square metres of territory Sixth of population
40
Who had the acquired territory been given to?
Russia - East Galicia DofW - West Galicia Bavaria - extended
41
What was the alliance solidified by?
Marriage of N + Princess Marie-Louise Archduchess of Austria
42
Why was the Austrian campaign less easily won?
N overconfident + less prepared Army had less veterans + more new recruits Relied on foreigners - deserted him A learned from F S campaigns diverted F troops + demoralised soldiers
43
Why in 1810 did N bring Holland under direct F control?
Louis failed to apply conscription or continental system
44
What started the Russian campaign?
Tsar Alexander’s annoyance at N
45
Why was he annoyed?
Strains of continental system N not marrying Russian princess Concerned about his ambitions for Poland - R had already taken Annoyed about N taking Oldenburg - owned by sis husband
46
What did R do 1810?
Put tariffs on F imports Allowed neutral ships - with B goods
47
What did N do in retaliation?
Assembled grande armée
48
When did N begin his invasion of R?
June 1812
49
What was the R tactic when they met?
‘Scorched earth policy’
50
What was the ‘scorched earth policy’?
R didn’t want F to rely on living off land so burned villages, crops, livestock as they retreated
51
What did the Grande armee become reliant on?
Only had 4 days rations Had to wait for a expanding supply line
52
What else made the campaign difficult for the F?
Had poor maps Inadequate clothing in winter Limited medical supplies Size of army = slowed down Foreign recruits = less discipline Disease = 1000s died
53
How many men did the Russians lose?
40,000
54
How many men did the French lose?
28,000
55
Where did N eventually get to?
Moscow But deserted + R governor set it on fire
56
What was killing the F at this point?
Frostbite Starvation Harassment of peasant forces
57
What did N do in the dec?
Abandoned his men to return to Paris Plots to overthrow him Army left disintegrated
58
What did N lose in the R campaign?
Most if Grande Armee New coalition formed where P + A broke their alliances with F
59
What was the threat in F that N had to go back to?
Maler conspiracy He convinced people N died in Moscow + convinced military to arrest govt officials so F could be turned into a republic Stopped when N came back
60
What did this show?
How reliant the empire was on N himself
61
What was the war of the Fourth Coalition?
P signed with R + declared war on F B + A + Sweden joined
62
How big was the army N created within 3 months of the R campaign?
250,000
63
When did he declare war on P?
April 1813
64
What did they do after 3 victories?
Didn’t follow up a P retreat Agreed to an armistice
65
What battle did N face P + A + R+ S in Oct 1813?
‘Battle of the Nations’
66
What was the ratio of allied soldiers to F?
3:2
67
What happened to N in these battles?
Had to retreat Refused a peace deal that allowed him to keep F natural frontiers
68
What did the B do to contribute?
Wellesley captured Madrid + expelled Joseph from S Battle of Vitoria jun 1813
69
What treaty was made with the allies?
Treaty of Chaumont
70
What did it say?
To preserve the coalition until N had been totally defeated + future of Europe settled
71
What treaty did N marshals convince him to agree to when the allies entered Paris?
Treaty of Fontainebleau April 1814
72
What did he agree to?
Give up throne Could keep title of Emperor £200,000 income Elba as his own kingdom Wife left him

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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