Chapter 18 - Social Change Flashcards
What did N mean by ‘open to talents’?
Promised men + women could advance themselves by their own merit
What was an example of this?
General Augereau
Son of Parisian fruit seller
Became Marshal of France
Why was this also limited?
In lower ranks of society hard outside of military to advance
Only interested in educated + wealthy
Why did N like hierarchies?
Own military background
Gave people something to aspire to
Rewards for loyalty were effective
What was the Legion of honour?
1802 reward those who had shown their loyalty
Who did it mostly go to?
Those in military - 32,000
Only 1,500 to civilians
What was N role?
The grand master of the order
What were some of the hierarchically called?
Grand master
Grand officers
Cohorts
5 classes = knights, eagle
What did recipients get from the Legion of Honour?
Small annual salary
Wear star of the order - had N head + motto ‘Honneur et Patrie’
What was introduced in 1805?
Wearing a sash + silver star with eagle
What did people get called with the award from 1808?
Knight if the Empire
Hereditary after 3 generations of recipients
How many women received the LofH?
3
One for being in army but pretending to be a man
What did N give his family when he became Emperor?
Princely titles
What titles were created in 1806?
Ducal titles
‘Marshals of France’
Who was included in the ‘imperial nobility’ in an Imperial decree 1808?
Counts
Barons
Knights
What percentage of titles went to military men?
59%
Where were given with titles also?
Gifts of estates + pensions
Larger income
Became hereditary
What did N change for education in 1802?
École populäre in each commune
Lycées for boys 10-16
What did he also allow?
Private + Church-run schools to exist alongside as long as obedience was taught
What were the boys in lycées divided up by?
Civil careers - learn languages + philosophy
Military - maths + science
Both guaranteed employment
Who did the lycées attract?
Property owning classes + military elite
Out of the 6400 places available how many went to the sons of civil servants + soldiers?
2400
What did some people prefer to send their children to?
Collèges or Instituts
More relaxed but higher fees
What was the role of the Imperial university?
Acted as a supervisory institution so that all education confirmed to certain standards
What else were they responsible for?
Teacher training
Setting up new schools
Curriculum
Inspections + school reports
By 1812 what fraction of people in lycee + colleges were priests or ex-priests?
1/3
What was N view of women?
Destined for marriage
Made for raising children
What level of education did he say was sufficient for women?
Primary
What measures partially increased woman’s rights?
Civil Code 1804 - women had more control of their own property when they married
Could possess ‘immovable’ goods but if wanting to sell had to pay 1/3 to joint asset pool
What was still unfair for women?
Unable to accept inheritance or legacy without husbands authority
Divorce - men had to bring mistress home for divorce
If women adulter = 3 month gaol
What did N change with divorce law?
Could be mutual consent
Many restrictions e.g age + parents of couple + children also had to give consent
What else did N restrict?
Newspapers
Other publications
How many newspapers were there?
1800 - 73, 13
1801 - 9, 4
Who supervised the newspapers?
The police
What weren’t the newspapers allowed to discuss?
Controversial subjects
Only official news + bulletins by N
What was the govts own paper called?
Le Moniteur
How many publishing houses were there after the decree in 1808?
From 200 to 60
What did the 60 publishing houses have to get from the police?
Licenses
What did the police also have the power to do?
Search them
Seize books
Fine 3000 francs for having illegal works
What was made in 1810 for publishing houses?
A new censorship board
What were official reports also made on?
Plays
Lectures
Posters
What happened to playwrights + authors + theatres?
Fled abroad or closed down
What was the image that N put in his propaganda?
Self glorification
‘’Myth of the saviour’
Portrayed as the man bringing order out the chaos
What were the military bulletins for?
To boost morale of the army
Dishearten enemy
What did N link his empire to?
Classical times
Kingdom of Charlemagne + the Franks
Who did N make responsible for his paintings?
Jacques-Louis David
Painted Imperial coronation
What was the symbol of the Grande Armée?
The Eagle
What did N rebuild in a programme?
Roads
Abattoirs
Markets
Water supply
Fountains
Buildings
What buildings were built to help glorify the regime?
Arc du Carosel
Arc de Triumphe
Vendôme Column
La Madeleine
What would reconciliation of the church help the policies of?
Amalgame
Ralliement
What was a benefit of N being civil with priests?
Their teachings could encourage acceptance + obedience
Help preserve social order
What did N decree in 1800?
Churches open everyday of the week
Sunday is the day of rest
What was in the Concordat 1801?
Pope = head of Catholic Church
Catholicism = religion of majority
Catholic worship freely available
Pope recognised new regime + didn’t take back land
Bishops + Clergy nominated by First Consul + paid as civil servants + take oath of loyalty
What was published with the Concordat?
‘Organic Articles’
Govt approval before any Papal legate
Religious toleration to Protestants + Jews
What was N horrified by?
Treatment of Jews in Terror
Had to wear yellow armbands in ghetto
Excluded from business
What did the concordat help N win over?
Uncertain royalists
People with Biens nationaux
Helped spread propaganda
What happened after the concordat?
Refractory priests came out of hiding
Churches reopened
Rev calendar abandoned
Why did N relationship with the Pope slowly deteriorate?
F ambitions in Italy
He was humiliated at N coronation
He was ignored when N released new beliefs of the church to schools (catechism)
What did N call himself?
God’s power + ‘image on earth’
What happened 2 years later?
1808
F occupied Rome
Imprisoned the Pope
What did N force the Pope to sign?
Concordat of Fontaineau - but never put into effect
