Chapter 7: Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital System Flashcards
Reconstructive surgery on the uterus for women with reproductive failure
metroplasty
complete absence of the uterus
uterine aplasia
a small opening, especially one of entrance into a hollow organ or canal, such as the fallopian tube
ostium
accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina resulting from a lower vaginal obstruction or imperforate hymen
hematocolpos
usually congenital owing to failure of degeneration of central epithelial cells of the hymenal membrane. An imperforate hymen is visible upon examination as a translucent thin membrane just inferior to the urethral meatus that bulges with the Valsalva maneuver and completely covers the vagina; it must be surgically corrected
imperforate hymen
mechanism by which the uterine septum regresses
apoptosis
absence of one or both kidneys
renal agenesis
accumulation of watery fluid in the uterine cavity
hydrometra
characterized by congenital fusion of the cervical spine, a short neck, a low posterior hairline, and limited range of cervical spine motion. Associated with Mayer- Rokitansky- Kuster- Hauser syndrome
Klipper-Feil syndrome
anomaly that results in one cervix and one uterine horn
uterus unicornis unicollis
nonsteroidal drug administered between the late 1940s to early 1970s to pregnant women. This drug was first demonstrated as a transplacental carcinogen responsible for clear-cell vaginal carcinoma in girls born to mothers who took the drug during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage. Uterine malformations associated with this drug’s exposure include uterine hypoplasia and a T-shaped endometrium
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
ring-like area of tissue that represents the opening to the vagina
hymen
medical condition in which a pregnant woman’s cervix begins to dilate and efface before her pregnancy has reached term. This may cause miscarriage or preterm birth during the second and third trimesters.
cervical incompetence
retention of blood in the uterine cavity
hematrometra
mental or physical traits, anomalies, malformations, or diseases present at birth
congenital
anomaly that results in two vaginas, two cervices, and two uteri
uterine didelphys
uterus didelphys with obstructed unilateral vagina and associated ipsilateral renal and ureter agenesis
Wunderlich- Herlyn- Werner- syndrome
accumulation of menstrual blood in the uterus and vagina caused by either an imperforate hymen or other obstruction
hematometrocolpos
mildest fusion anomaly, resulting in a partial indentation of the uterine fundus with a normal endometrial cavity; considered a normal variant
uterus arcuate
part of the vaginal plate of the urogenital sinus, which forms the lower 20% of the vagina
sinovaginal bulb
paired embryonic tubes roughly parallel with the mesonephric ducts that empty into the urogenital sinus; in the female, the upper part of these ducts forms the fallopian tubes and the lower parts to fuse to form the uterus
paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts
anomaly that results in one vagina, two cervices, and two uterine horns
uterus bicornis bicollic
complete failure of resorption of the uterovaginal septum
septate uterus
radiographic imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of radiopaque material
hysterosalpingography
anomaly that results in one vagina, one cervix, and two uterine horns
uterine bicornis unicollis
partial failure of the medial septum to be reabsorbed
subseptate uterus
congential anomalies of the vertebra/ anus/ cardiac/ trachea/ esophagus/ radius/ renal/ limb of unknown etiology
VATER/ VACTERL syndrome
Complications from uterine and vaginal malformations do not occur from:
distal ductal regression
Germ cells that migrate from the yolk sac to the gonadal region form the:
genital ridges becoming sex cords
Apoptosis is related to:
regression of the uterine septum
Sonography is useful in imaging _____, a combination of menstrual blood, fluid, and secretions in the distended vagina and uterus caused by imperforate hymen.
hematometerocolpos
Arrested development of the bilateral mullerian ducts causes:
hypoplasia of both the uterus and vagina
MRKH and MURCS are related to:
fetal renal and spinal anomalies
The wolffian duct forms the sinovaginal bulbs which with the mullerian tubercle finally becomes:
lower one-fifth of the vagina
Uterine agenesis is imaged best in the:
sagittal plane
Defects of vertical vaginal fusion can result in the formation of a transverse vaginal septum, which can cause:
obstruction and hematocolopos
Initially, a transverse vaginal septum requires all except:
a. laparoscopy for endometriosis
b. drainage of accumulated menstrual blood
c. preservation of a perineal space of adequate size to function as a normal vagina
d. septum excisiion
a
The easiest vaginal anomaly to view sonographically is:
complete absence of the vagina
Which imaging modality is extremely helpful if hematometrocolpos or hematometra distorts the reproductive organs causing limited imaging capability using ultrasound?
MRI
Sonohysterography is also known as:
saline-infused sonography (SIS)
Choose the most effective diagnostic method for determining uterus unicornis.
a. 2D vaginal sonography
b. HSG
c. NM
d. 2D abdominal sonography
b
Bicornuate uterus is related to:
cervical incompetence
Choose a definite method for distinguishing bicornuate uterus from septate anomalies.
a. MRI, 3D endovaginal sonography
b. MRI, HSG
c. HSG, 3D sonography
d. HSG, 3D transabdominal sonography
a
Complete midline failure of mullerian duct fusion results in:
uterine didelphys
The uterine septum consists of:
poorly vascularized fibromuscular tissue
Uterus didelphys, more than any other mullerian anomaly, is associated with:
renal agenesis
Anomalies of the fallopian tubes include:
luminal atresia, absent muscular layer, and absent ampulla
Most congenital anomalies are diagnosed in the ______ or recurrent _______ loss populations.
infertility
pregnancy
It is extremely important to distinguish between a _______ and a septate uterus because the pregnancy outcomes and treatment techniques differ considerably.
bicornuate uterus
DES-exposed women have uterine anomalies visualised with _____.
HSG
3D multiplanar ______ sonography is valuable in imaging the hypoplastic uterus and T-shaped uterine cavity.
endovaginal
Fallopian tube patency can be established with _____ or _____ using a contrast agent or saline.
HSG
sonohysterography
A double cervix (cervical duplication), in rare cases, develops with a complete ______ and _____ septa.
uterine
vaginal
Pelvic ultrasound can help to diagnose _______, menstrual blood, fluid, and secretions in the uterus and vagina.
hydrometrocolpos
A ______ septum is not the same as the imperforate hymen
transverse
The method used to create a vagina if vaginal agenesis is diagnosed is ______.
vaginoplasty
A mild indentation ofo the superior portion of the endometrium is called an _____ uterus.
arcuate
In the case of atretic or absent vagina, the _____ scanning approach is helpful.
sagittal
Uterus _______ is the result of normal development of half of the uterus with no or rudimentary development of the rest/.
unicornis
Sonographic _____ imaging of the unicornis uterus is sensitive, demonstrating myometrial and ______ structures, as well as cervical canal, uterine external contours, and cornual angles.
3D
endometrial
A bicornuate uterus _____ failed to fuse while a uterine didelyphis _____ failed to fuse.
partial
complete
A _____ duct cyst is a very common remnant of the distal mesonephric duct.
gartner
Hematometra is retention of blood in the ______/
uterine cavity
Narrowing of the uterine cavity by the septum is a condition suggesting poor _____ outcomes.
pregnancy
HSG, ____, CT, and ______ help diagnose and monitor patients with congenital anomalies of the genital tract./
MRI
sonography
DES (diethylstilbestrol) is known to cause a ____ shaped uterine endometrium.
T
Ectopic ovaries are known as _______ or accessory.
supernumerary
