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OBGYN 1 > Chapter 7: Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

Reconstructive surgery on the uterus for women with reproductive failure

A

metroplasty

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2
Q

complete absence of the uterus

A

uterine aplasia

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3
Q

a small opening, especially one of entrance into a hollow organ or canal, such as the fallopian tube

A

ostium

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4
Q

accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina resulting from a lower vaginal obstruction or imperforate hymen

A

hematocolpos

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5
Q

usually congenital owing to failure of degeneration of central epithelial cells of the hymenal membrane. An imperforate hymen is visible upon examination as a translucent thin membrane just inferior to the urethral meatus that bulges with the Valsalva maneuver and completely covers the vagina; it must be surgically corrected

A

imperforate hymen

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6
Q

mechanism by which the uterine septum regresses

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

absence of one or both kidneys

A

renal agenesis

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8
Q

accumulation of watery fluid in the uterine cavity

A

hydrometra

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9
Q

characterized by congenital fusion of the cervical spine, a short neck, a low posterior hairline, and limited range of cervical spine motion. Associated with Mayer- Rokitansky- Kuster- Hauser syndrome

A

Klipper-Feil syndrome

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10
Q

anomaly that results in one cervix and one uterine horn

A

uterus unicornis unicollis

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11
Q

nonsteroidal drug administered between the late 1940s to early 1970s to pregnant women. This drug was first demonstrated as a transplacental carcinogen responsible for clear-cell vaginal carcinoma in girls born to mothers who took the drug during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage. Uterine malformations associated with this drug’s exposure include uterine hypoplasia and a T-shaped endometrium

A

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

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12
Q

ring-like area of tissue that represents the opening to the vagina

A

hymen

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13
Q

medical condition in which a pregnant woman’s cervix begins to dilate and efface before her pregnancy has reached term. This may cause miscarriage or preterm birth during the second and third trimesters.

A

cervical incompetence

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14
Q

retention of blood in the uterine cavity

A

hematrometra

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15
Q

mental or physical traits, anomalies, malformations, or diseases present at birth

A

congenital

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16
Q

anomaly that results in two vaginas, two cervices, and two uteri

A

uterine didelphys

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17
Q

uterus didelphys with obstructed unilateral vagina and associated ipsilateral renal and ureter agenesis

A

Wunderlich- Herlyn- Werner- syndrome

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18
Q

accumulation of menstrual blood in the uterus and vagina caused by either an imperforate hymen or other obstruction

A

hematometrocolpos

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19
Q

mildest fusion anomaly, resulting in a partial indentation of the uterine fundus with a normal endometrial cavity; considered a normal variant

A

uterus arcuate

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20
Q

part of the vaginal plate of the urogenital sinus, which forms the lower 20% of the vagina

A

sinovaginal bulb

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21
Q

paired embryonic tubes roughly parallel with the mesonephric ducts that empty into the urogenital sinus; in the female, the upper part of these ducts forms the fallopian tubes and the lower parts to fuse to form the uterus

A

paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts

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22
Q

anomaly that results in one vagina, two cervices, and two uterine horns

A

uterus bicornis bicollic

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23
Q

complete failure of resorption of the uterovaginal septum

A

septate uterus

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24
Q

radiographic imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of radiopaque material

A

hysterosalpingography

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25
Q

anomaly that results in one vagina, one cervix, and two uterine horns

A

uterine bicornis unicollis

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26
Q

partial failure of the medial septum to be reabsorbed

A

subseptate uterus

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27
Q

congential anomalies of the vertebra/ anus/ cardiac/ trachea/ esophagus/ radius/ renal/ limb of unknown etiology

A

VATER/ VACTERL syndrome

28
Q

Complications from uterine and vaginal malformations do not occur from:

A

distal ductal regression

29
Q

Germ cells that migrate from the yolk sac to the gonadal region form the:

A

genital ridges becoming sex cords

30
Q

Apoptosis is related to:

A

regression of the uterine septum

31
Q

Sonography is useful in imaging _____, a combination of menstrual blood, fluid, and secretions in the distended vagina and uterus caused by imperforate hymen.

A

hematometerocolpos

32
Q

Arrested development of the bilateral mullerian ducts causes:

A

hypoplasia of both the uterus and vagina

33
Q

MRKH and MURCS are related to:

A

fetal renal and spinal anomalies

34
Q

The wolffian duct forms the sinovaginal bulbs which with the mullerian tubercle finally becomes:

A

lower one-fifth of the vagina

35
Q

Uterine agenesis is imaged best in the:

A

sagittal plane

36
Q

Defects of vertical vaginal fusion can result in the formation of a transverse vaginal septum, which can cause:

A

obstruction and hematocolopos

37
Q

Initially, a transverse vaginal septum requires all except:
a. laparoscopy for endometriosis
b. drainage of accumulated menstrual blood
c. preservation of a perineal space of adequate size to function as a normal vagina
d. septum excisiion

A

a

38
Q

The easiest vaginal anomaly to view sonographically is:

A

complete absence of the vagina

39
Q

Which imaging modality is extremely helpful if hematometrocolpos or hematometra distorts the reproductive organs causing limited imaging capability using ultrasound?

A

MRI

40
Q

Sonohysterography is also known as:

A

saline-infused sonography (SIS)

41
Q

Choose the most effective diagnostic method for determining uterus unicornis.
a. 2D vaginal sonography
b. HSG
c. NM
d. 2D abdominal sonography

A

b

42
Q

Bicornuate uterus is related to:

A

cervical incompetence

43
Q

Choose a definite method for distinguishing bicornuate uterus from septate anomalies.
a. MRI, 3D endovaginal sonography
b. MRI, HSG
c. HSG, 3D sonography
d. HSG, 3D transabdominal sonography

A

a

44
Q

Complete midline failure of mullerian duct fusion results in:

A

uterine didelphys

45
Q

The uterine septum consists of:

A

poorly vascularized fibromuscular tissue

46
Q

Uterus didelphys, more than any other mullerian anomaly, is associated with:

A

renal agenesis

47
Q

Anomalies of the fallopian tubes include:

A

luminal atresia, absent muscular layer, and absent ampulla

48
Q

Most congenital anomalies are diagnosed in the ______ or recurrent _______ loss populations.

A

infertility
pregnancy

49
Q

It is extremely important to distinguish between a _______ and a septate uterus because the pregnancy outcomes and treatment techniques differ considerably.

A

bicornuate uterus

50
Q

DES-exposed women have uterine anomalies visualised with _____.

A

HSG

51
Q

3D multiplanar ______ sonography is valuable in imaging the hypoplastic uterus and T-shaped uterine cavity.

A

endovaginal

52
Q

Fallopian tube patency can be established with _____ or _____ using a contrast agent or saline.

A

HSG
sonohysterography

53
Q

A double cervix (cervical duplication), in rare cases, develops with a complete ______ and _____ septa.

A

uterine
vaginal

54
Q

Pelvic ultrasound can help to diagnose _______, menstrual blood, fluid, and secretions in the uterus and vagina.

A

hydrometrocolpos

55
Q

A ______ septum is not the same as the imperforate hymen

A

transverse

56
Q

The method used to create a vagina if vaginal agenesis is diagnosed is ______.

A

vaginoplasty

57
Q

A mild indentation ofo the superior portion of the endometrium is called an _____ uterus.

A

arcuate

58
Q

In the case of atretic or absent vagina, the _____ scanning approach is helpful.

A

sagittal

59
Q

Uterus _______ is the result of normal development of half of the uterus with no or rudimentary development of the rest/.

A

unicornis

60
Q

Sonographic _____ imaging of the unicornis uterus is sensitive, demonstrating myometrial and ______ structures, as well as cervical canal, uterine external contours, and cornual angles.

A

3D
endometrial

61
Q

A bicornuate uterus _____ failed to fuse while a uterine didelyphis _____ failed to fuse.

A

partial
complete

62
Q

A _____ duct cyst is a very common remnant of the distal mesonephric duct.

A

gartner

63
Q

Hematometra is retention of blood in the ______/

A

uterine cavity

64
Q

Narrowing of the uterine cavity by the septum is a condition suggesting poor _____ outcomes.

A

pregnancy

65
Q

HSG, ____, CT, and ______ help diagnose and monitor patients with congenital anomalies of the genital tract./

A

MRI
sonography

66
Q

DES (diethylstilbestrol) is known to cause a ____ shaped uterine endometrium.

A

T

67
Q

Ectopic ovaries are known as _______ or accessory.

A

supernumerary

OBGYN 1 (18 decks)

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