Chapter 13: Malignant Disease of the Uterus and Cervix Flashcards
Malignant tumor arising from any glandular organ
adenocarcinoma
Naturally occurring steroid hormone, accessible as a dietary supplement, and believed to increase serum testosterone levels
androstenedione
Any substance that blocks or modifies the action of estrogen
antiestrogen
prevents the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
antineoplastic
procedure that involves placing radioactive inside the body to treat cancer
brachytherapy
narrowing or obstruction of the cervical canal caused by an acquired condition
cervical stenosis
metatastic type of persistent trophoblastic neoplasia that can result from any type of pregnancy, but most often occurs with a molar pregnancy
choriocarcinoma
malignant layer of cells that form in the endometrium; presents with abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity and irregular bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
endometrial carcinoma
condition that results from estrogen stimulation to the endometrium without the influence of progestin, frequent cause of bleeding, especially in postmenopausal women
endometrial hyperplasia
pedunculated or sessile mass growing from the endometrium
endometrial polyp
tumor that microscopically resembles endometrial tissue
endometrioid
variant of placental site trophoblastic tumor
epithelioid trophoblastic tumor
Malignancy of the fallopian tube that is also linked to BRCA-1 and BRCA-2; adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic type
fallopian tube carcinoma
rare earth metallic element possessing paramagnetic properties used in contrast media for MRI
Gadolinium
group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells overtake and complicate pregnancy and propagated throughout the uterine cavity; these tumors arise from the placental chorionic villi after conception
gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
estrogen-secreting tumor that arises from granulosa cells. These tumors are part of the sex cord-gonadal stromal category and present as large, complex ovarian masses
granulosa cell tumor
Hormone produced by chorionic cells in the fetal part of the placenta and found in the urine and blood of pregnant women; elevated levels are found with GTN.
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
virus that is transmitted through sexual contact and produces lesions on the mucous membranes; most commonly sexually transmitted infection and considered a causative factor in cervical carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
watery discharge sometimes present with fallopian tube carcincoma
hydrops tubae profluens
form of persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia typically deriving from a hydatidiform mole that invades into the myometrium
invasive mole
benign tumor composed of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue that occurs in the uterus
leiomyoma
malignant uterine tumor composed of smooth muscles cells and fibrous connective tissue; sonographically, it appears like a benign leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
process by which cancer spreads from a primary source to distant locations in the body
metastases
drug that inhibits cellular reproduction; used primarily in the treatment of psoriasis, various malignant neoplastic diseases, and as an immunosuppressive agent
methotrexate
cytologic study (developed by George Nicholas Papanicolaou) used to detect cancer in cells that an organ has shed; used most often in the diagnosis and prevention of cervical cancer and also valuable in the detection of pleural or peritoneal malignancies
Pap smear
Infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and adjacent pelvic structures; usually caused by an ascending infection from the vagina and cervix to the upper portions of the female reproductive tract
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Malignant end of the GTN spectrum; this group of life-threatening diseases persists most often from a molar pregnancy
persistent trophoblastic neoplasia (PTN)
inherited disorder characterized by the presence of polyps of the small intestine and melanin pigmentation of the lips, mucosa, fingers, and toes; anemia from the intestinal polyps is common
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Type of PTN that usually occers several years after a normal term pregnancy
Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT)
Complex disorder involving infrequent, irregular menstrual cycles and often excess male hormone (androgen) levels
polycystic ovarian syndrome
growth similar to a polyp
polypoid
calculation of Doppler measurements of systolic and diastolic velocities during a specified cardiac cycle; like the resistive index, it is used to assess the resistance in a pulsatile vascular system
Pulsatility Index (PI)
Treatment technique that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors; deters the proliferation of malignant cells by decreasing mitosis or by impairing DNA synthesis
Radiation therapy
a drug that blocks hormone receptors helping reduce breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women
raloxifine
calculated flow parameter in ultrasound used to assess the resistance in a pulsatile vascular system
Resistive Index (RI) (Pourcelot index)
surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
salpino-oophorectomy
(True positive rate) measures the proportion of those individuals having some condition and who are correctly identified as having the condition
sensitivity
injection of sterile saline into the uterine cavity under ultrasound guidance; this procedure allows for good visualization of the endometrial borders to rule out pathology
sonohysterography
(True negative rate) measures the proportion of those individuals who do not have the condition and who are correctly identified as not having the condition
specificity
slow-growing malignant tumor composed of squamous epithelium, most common type of cervical cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
type of leiomyoma that deforms the uterine cavity and can cause heavy and irregular menses
submucosal leiomyoma
nonsteroidal antiestrogen compound that is used for the treatment of breast cancer
tamoxifen
causing congenital anomalies or birth defects
teratogenic
_____ is a non steroidal antiestrogen compound prescribed for the treatment of _____ cancer.
Tamoxifen
Breast
The most common clinical presentation of endometrial adenocarcinoma is _______.
Uterine bleeding
An endometrium measuring greater than _____ in Postmenopausal women not using hormone replacement therapy is suspect for endometrial carcinoma.
5mm
3D ultrasound is used to diagnose endometrial and cervical cancers. It can detect the infiltration of cancer into the adjacent structures, ______, and _____.
Bladder
Rectum
When pelvic lesions are seen, not the presence of pelvic or abdominal ______.
Metastases
The lower cervical lining is covered by cells that can develop into _______ carcinoma.
Squamous cell
Tumors of the fallopian tube which cause profuse watery discharge are known as ________.
Hydros tubae profluens
Cystic changes within the endometrium are more likely to be the result of ______, ______, or _____ but may also be seen with cancer.
Endometrial atrophy
Hyperplasia
Polyps
Cervical cancer is usually asymptomatic in early stages and is often detect by _____.
Pap test
The greater risk factor for the development of cervical carcinoma is infection by _____.
HPV
Cervical cancer prognosis depends on tumor ____, tumor _____, and patient _____.
Size
Stage
Age
Along with the EV ultrasound approach, _____ and _____ methods are also used to define the cervix.
Translabial
Transperineal
The appearance of a bulky cervix on ultrasound may be caused by a ______ prolapsing from the lower uterine segment.
Leiomyoma
Persistent trophoblastic neoplasia can occur after any pregnancy, but the greatest incidence is with _______.
Hyadatidform mole
Endovaginal sonography is essential for diagnosing persistent trophoblastic neoplasia because many of these myometrial lesions are _____.
Small
Intramural fibroids undergoing degeneration may resemble invasive ______ tissue.
Molar
Choriocarcinoma had an absence of ______. Whereas invasive mole contains it.
Chorionic villi
Cervical _____ results in hematometra.
Stenosis
Treatment for endometrial cancer, leiomyosarcoma, or fallopian tube carcinoma is ______.
Total abdominal hysterectomy
Symptoms that include vaginal discharge, postcoital bleeding, bladder irritability, and low back pain are often related to ______.
Carcinoma of the cervix
