Chapter 11: Pediatric Pelvis Flashcards
increase in adrenal gland activity seen at the onset of puberty
adrenarche
Synthetic estrogen used from 1940-1971 to aid in pregnancy maintenance that resulted in T shaped uterus in female children.
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
class of tumors that originate in either the egg or the sperm
germ cell tumors
loss of primordial germ cells in the gonads of an embryo
gonadal dysgenesis
having both male and female characteristics
hermaphrodite
vascular tumor of the adrenal gland
pheochomocytoma
early onset of puberty usually before 8 years of age
precocious puberty
individual with external genitalia of one sec and the internal organs of another sex
pseudohermaphadite
malignancy derived from striated or skeletal muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
nodule projecting from a thickened cyst wall, usually ovarian in origin
Rokitansky nodule, aka dermoid plug
start of breast development at the onset of puberty
thelarche
genetic syndrome characterized by an X and O chromosome combination resulting in a female with premature ovarian failure and lack of puberty
Turner syndrome
Intersexual genitalia
ambiguous genitalia
irregular flat spots of increased skin pigmentation
Cafe au lait skin pigmentation
An ineffective method of reducing adolescent anxiety prior to and during an ultrasound examination would be:
a. singing songs and reciting nursery rhymes for younger adolescents
b. allowing a bottle or pacifier for an infant
c. providing a nurse chaperone
d. permitting parents or loved ones to stay during the examination
c
When examining the pelvis of an infant or small child with ultrasound, which transducer is recommended?
Phased array or curved linear array in the range of 4 to 10 MHz
Motion reduction on still images while imaging children can be attained by:
decreasing persistence
Bladder filling for infants can usually be accomplished by feeding a bottle:
30 minutes prior to the sonographic examination
A newborn female uterus is typically ____ shaped, whereas a 3 month old uterus is usually ____ shaped.
spade, tube
The best method to visualize an adolescent vagina is by:
TAS (transabdominal sonography)
Ovarian volume of a female under 5 years old is:
1 cm ^3 or less
Ovarian cysts measuring over 9 mm in the first year of life are known as:
macrocysts
The most common lower urinary tract tumor discovered in the pediatric community is:
rhabdomyosarcoma
In the pediatric population, benign lesions of the lower urinary tract such as leiomyoma, fibroma, and hemangioma:
a. occur in older adolescents more often than infants and young children
b. occur in children associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
c. are very uncommon
d. may transition into cancer if untreated
b
The most common site of tumors in the pediatric female genital tract is the:
vagina
An infection that can potentially affect the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes and can cause tubo-ovarian abscess, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and/or pelvic peritonitis:
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Rhabdomysosarcoma is the tumor found most commonly in the lower urinary tract of the pediatric population. This tumor usually originates from the:
cervix/vagina
Precocious puberty is:
the onset of puberty usually before 8 years of age
Large ovarian cysts are common in fetuses of mothers with:
toxemia
Select Turner syndrome characteristics:
a. stocky arms and legs, wide neck, genital underdevelopment
b. polydactyly, abnormal genitalia, omphalocele
c. Deficient ovaries, dwarfism, amenorrhea, webbed neck
d. Choroid plexus cyst, polyhydramnios, esophagus atresia
c
Ambiguous genitalia in neonates warrants sonography to exclude anomalies associated with:
a. gonads, adrenal glands, kidneys
b. internal and external genitalia, spleen, kidney
c. breast lumps, internal genitalia
d. gonads, liver, pancreas, spleen
a
The most common ultrasound appearance of a rhabdomyosarcoma is described as:
homogenous with a muscle-like appearance
Gartner duct cysts:
a. are located within the uterine myometrium and complex in appearance
b. are located within the vaginal wall, have a simple and cystic appearance, and are both single or multiple in number
c. are located within the cervix are hypoechoic solid structures
d. are located within the vagina and are heterogeneous
b
Hematrocolpos is:
blood in both the uterus and vagina
The method of ultrasound imaging that is close to the vagina and does not require the introduction of a transducer into the vagina is called ______.
transperineal imaging
High-resolution, real-time, and _______ are important imaging techniques for the lower abdominal and pelvic structures of infants, children, and adolescents.
3D ultrasound
In adolescent pelvic sonography, ______ may be required if bladder filling cannot be achieved by p.o (by mouth) fluid intake.
catheterization
Adult and pediatric ultrasound examinations are similar in scanning ______ and exam ______.
planes
protocol
Transperineal ultrasound imaging delineates ______ pathology and imperforate ____.
vaginal
anus
The prepubertal uterues measures ____ cm long.
2.5-3
Ovarian cysts in birth to 2 year olds usually relate to a higher level of _______ in the neonate.
maternal hormones
When a tumor, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, originates from the bladder or prostate, pediatric patients have symptoms of ______ and ______.
hematuria
urinary tract obstruction
In the pediatric pelvis, pheochromocytoma is usually detected in the submucosal layer of the _____ wall of the bladder near the _____ or in the _____ of the bladder.
posterior
trigone
dome
Ovarian tumors present with a variety of symptoms including ______, _______, and _______.
pelvic pain
swelling
inflammation
The most common tumor during the reproductive years is a _______.
benign cystic teratoma
Meig syndrome is the triad of _____, ______, and _____.
ascites
pleural effusion
fibroma
Dysgerminoma is the most common malignant pediatric _____ mass.
ovarian
Serous tumor usually demonstrates ____ septa, solid elements, and are _____.
thick
multilocular
Ovarian cysts may cause ovarian _____ if they become large.
torsion
Gonadal dysgenesis patients may have _____ gonads.
“streak”
Fluid in the vagina is _____ and blood in the vagina is ______.
hydrocolpos
hematocolpos
Fluid in both the uterus and vagina is ______.
hydrometrocolpos
The sonographic appearance of hydrocolpos is a cystic, _____-shaped mass in the midline arising from the pelvis between the bladder and ____.
pear
rectum
Clinical symptoms of ovarian torsion are _____, _____, ______, ______, and ______.
lower abdominal pain
fever
lack of appetite
nausea
vomiting
