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OBGYN 1 > Chapter 14: Malignant Diseases of the Ovary > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Malignant Diseases of the Ovary Flashcards

1
Q

used as a tumor marker for carcinomas of embryonic origin

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

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2
Q

inherited gene mutation associated with a significant increase in breast and ovarian cancer risk

A

BRCA 1/BRCA 2

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3
Q

protein found in tumor cells that results in an elevation of blood levels

A

CA 125

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4
Q

tumor marker for colon, stomach, breast, lung, some thyroid, and ovarian cancers

A

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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5
Q

Malignant tumor of the ovary arising from undifferentiated germ cells of the embryonic gonad; histologically identical to seminoma found in the testicle

A

dysgerminoma

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6
Q

tumor of the ovary containing epithelial or stromal elements resembling endometrial tissue; typically arises from endometriosis; a large percentage are malignant

A

endometriod tumor

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7
Q

neoplasm involving the surface epithelium of the ovary

A

epithelial ovarian cancer

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8
Q

gene that produces a protein that regulates normal cell growth found in breast and ovarian cancer cells; identification of this protein enables determination of treatment options

A

HER2/neu

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9
Q

Carcinoma of the ovary, usually mestastic from gastrointestinal cancer, marked by areas of mucoid degeneration and by the presence of signet-ring cells

A

Krukenberg tumor

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10
Q

enzyme involved in the production of energy of the cells; elevated levels in the blood indicate tissue damage, cancers, or other diseases

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

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11
Q

surgical incision into the abdomen usually performed to evaluate the organs

A

laparotomy

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12
Q

finding of pleural effusion, ascites, and an ovarian mass

A

meigs syndrome

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13
Q

large cystic ovarian mass with thick-walled septations; may have internal debris-layering components

A

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

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14
Q

accumulation of mucinous materian in the peritoneal cavity, either because of rupture of a benign or malignant cystic neoplasm of the ovary or mucocele rupture of the appendix

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

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15
Q

surgical removal of the ovary and fallopian tube

A

salpingo-oophorectomy

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16
Q

type of epithelial ovarian cancer, which presents as partially cystic mass with solid components

A

serous carcinoma

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17
Q

large multilocular ovarian neoplasm with papilly projections

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

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18
Q

related to the sex-cord (cord like masses of gonadal epithelial tissue) stromal tumors seen in ovaries, mostly in young adults

A

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors/ androblastoma/arrhenoblastoma

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19
Q

solid ovarian mass originating from the embryonic gonadal ridges and Sertoli cells

A

Sex-cord stromal tumors

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20
Q

extremely rare neoplasm of the ovary containing thyroid tissue

A

stuma ovarii

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21
Q

rare malignant form of a common germ cell tumor found in young adults; contains fat, bone, hair, skin, and/or teeth

A

teratoma/teratocarcinoma

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22
Q

neoplasm originating in the germ cells (ovun)

A

yolk cell tumor/ endodermal sinus tumor

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23
Q

Select the false statement.
a. Ovarian cancer has a strong family history, making genetic screening important.
b. Studies show that women who used oral contraceptives are at the greatest risk for developing epithelial ovarian cancer.
c. Ovarian malignancy is a disease of low prevalence, accounting for only 5% of all female cancers.
d. Approximately 50% of ovarian cancers occur in women in the sixth generation of life.

A

b

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24
Q

Which technique is not directed at improving the detection and outcome of ovarian cancer?

A

pineal studies

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25
Q

Choose the most unlikely risk factor for developing ovarian cancer.
a. living in a developed country
b. late menopause
c. nulliparity
d. menses with early onset

A

a

26
Q

Extended ovulatory activity, over 40 years, places women is what risk category for developing ovarian cancer?

A

high risk

27
Q

The gene that is related to errors in the replication process resulting in overexpression is:

A

HER2/neu

28
Q

A characteristic of most epithelial cancers is the tendency to:

A

form cystic masses with multiple septa

29
Q

The major pattern of metastatic spread of ovarian malignancy is direct extension involving the neighboring organs in the pelvis, peritoneal seeding, and ____ spead.

A

lymphatic

30
Q

Frequently, the only symptom of ovarian cancer is:

A

abdominal bloating and pain

31
Q

To increase specificity in diagnosing ovarian malignancy, laboratory values such as ______ are tested.

A

CA 125
AFP
hCG
CEA

32
Q

What imaging method provides the best diagnostic value by presenting calcifications, sometimes in a curvilinear fashion, soft tissue masses, and patterns suggesting abdominal distention?

A

Plain film radiography

33
Q

The imaging modality providing the most accurate tissue characterization regarding adnexal masses is:

A

MRI

34
Q

Menopausal females utilizing HRT (hormone replacement therapy) will demonstate:

A

normal sized ovaries

35
Q

Ovarian malignancy screening utilizing ultrasound should consider all except:
a. ovarian position
b. ovarian size
c. ovarian texture
d. bilateral ovarian comparison

A

a

36
Q

Metastasis to the ovary:
a. is rare
b. is common
c. occurs most commonly from primary brain carcinoma
d. causes bladder frequency

A

b

37
Q

Compressibility of a mass while scanning can assist in differentiating bowel from malignancy and is performed by:

A

“hands-on” manuever

38
Q

Nonneoplastic cystic foci of the ovary are commonly seen in ____ females and are difficult to differentiate from malignant lesions, so should be considered when determining the diagnosis.

A

menstruating

39
Q

Epithelial ovarian cancers typically form cystic masses and:

A

solid papillary growths

40
Q

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is defined as:

A

the accumulation of gelatinous material in the peritoneal cavity

41
Q

Ovarian malignancy is often associated with ascites that first accumulates in the:

A

dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity

42
Q

Color Doppler of malignant lesions frequently demonstrates:

A

prominent flow in the septations

43
Q

Ovarian masses, whether malignant or benign can result in _____ of the ovary.

A

torsion

44
Q

A large number of patients with ovarian malignancy present with or develop ______ bleeding.

A

uterine

45
Q

Two inherited gene mutations related to an increase of breast and ovarian cancer are _____ and _____.

A

BRCA 1/ BRCA 2
HER2/neu

46
Q

A Krukenberg tumor is a cancerous tumor of the _____ and usually metastasizes from _____ cancer.

A

ovary
breast

47
Q

The effect of ovulation is known to cause increased inflammation and wound healing owing to repeated trauma to the ovarian ______.

A

epithelium

48
Q

Ascites associated with ovarian malignancy collects in the _____ and ______, mostly on the _____ side.

A

cul-de-sac
paracolic gutters
right

49
Q

Ovarian cancer is mostly a disease of ____ menopausal and ____ menopausal women.

A

peri
post

50
Q

Ovarian cancer is the most common tumor responsible for _____ malignancy in women.

A

peritoneal

51
Q

Symptoms of abnormal _____ activity are sometimes a clue to the presence of an ovarian malignancy that is hormonally active.

A

endocrine

52
Q

Benign processes, such as ______, ______, and even pancreatitis result in an increased CA 125, as does ovarian cancer.

A

endometriosis
fibroids

53
Q

AFP is alpha-protein; LDH is ______; CEA is _______; and hCG is _______

A

lactate dehydrogenase
carcinoembryonic antigen
human chorionic gonadotropin

54
Q

A CT examination can demonstrate pelvic sidewall masses, lymph node enlargement in the retroperitoneum, liver metastasis, and calcifications, especially when _____ and ____ contrast is given.

A

intravenous
oral

55
Q

Although it cannot always distinguish a malignant process from benign, ____ remains the diagnostic method of choice as a screening technique for adenexal processes.

A

MRI

56
Q

The effective method to investigate for ovarian cancer includes ______ ultrasound, ______ examination, and the tumor marker _____.

A

transvaginal
physical
CA 125

57
Q

To determine pelvic mass from possible bowel, _____ must be identified.

A

peristalsis

58
Q

PET should only be used in a select group of patients in whom both ______ and ____ have failed to yield unequivocal results.

A

ultrasound
MRI

59
Q

Fallopian tube neoplasms are rare and malignant. These lesions are mistaken for _____ malignancies.

A

ovarian

60
Q

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer owing to:

A

late stage diagnosis and low cure rate

61
Q

Exploratory _______ remains the gold standard in the visualization of adnexal malignancy. _____ imaging is most helpful in staging ovarian cancer.

A

laparotomy
CT

62
Q

Eighty percent of ovarian malignancies originate from the _____ covering the ovaries

A

epithelium

OBGYN 1 (18 decks)

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