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Biology 235 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the body

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones forming the girdle that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

long bone

A

greater length than width; slightly curved for strength

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4
Q

short bone

A

somewhat cube shaped; consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface where there is a thin layer of compact bone tissue; i.e. tarsals

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5
Q

flat bones

A

thin; composed of 2 parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone; provide big area for attachment

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6
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes; vary in amount of spongy and compact bone

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7
Q

sesamoid bones

A

shaped like a sesame seed; develop in tendons where there is considerable friction; i.e. palms and soles

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8
Q

sutural bone

A

small bones located in sutures between cranial bones

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9
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels and nerves pass; i.e. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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10
Q

foramen

A

opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass; i.e. optic foreman of sphenoid bone

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11
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression; i.e. coronoid fossa of humerus

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12
Q

sulcus

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon; inter tubercular sulcus of humerus

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13
Q

meatus

A

tubelike opening; external auditory meatus of temporal bone

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14
Q

condyle

A

large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone; lateral condyle of femur

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15
Q

facet

A

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface; i.e. superior articular facet of vertebra

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16
Q

sulcus

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon; i.e. inter tubercular sulcus of humerus

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17
Q

meatus

A

tubelike opening; i.e. external auditor meatus of temporal bone

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18
Q

condyle

A

large, round, protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of bone; i.e. lateral condyle of femur

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19
Q

facet

A

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface; i.e. superior articular facet of vertebra

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20
Q

head

A

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) or bone; head of femur

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21
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge or elongated projection; iliac crest of hip bone

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22
Q

epicondyle

A

typically roughened projection above condyle; medial epicondyle of femur

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23
Q

line

A

long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest); i.e. linea aspera of femur

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24
Q

spinous proces

A

sharp, slender projection; spinous process of vertebra

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25
Q

trochanter

A

very large projection; i.e. trochanter of femur

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26
Q

tubercle

A

variably sized rounded projection; greater tubercle of humerus

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27
Q

tuberosity

A

variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface; ischial tuberosity of hip bone

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28
Q

skull

A

bony framework of the head

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29
Q

cranial bones

A

form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain

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30
Q

facial bones

A

form the face; two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer

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31
Q

frontal bone

A

forms the forehead, roofs of the orbits and most the anterior part of the cranial floor

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32
Q

supraorbital margin

A

at the superior border of the orbits, the frontal bone thickens (Forms the supraorbital margin)

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33
Q

parietal bones (2)

A

form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

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34
Q

temporal bones (2)

A

form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

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35
Q

zygomatic arch

A

the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch

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36
Q

external auditory meatus

A

ear canal; directs sound waves into the ear

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37
Q

mastoid process

A

rounded projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus

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38
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

the opening through which the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve pass

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39
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium

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40
Q

foramen magnum

A

inferior part of the occipital bone

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41
Q

occipital condyle

A

oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum; join with depressions on the first cervical vertebra

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42
Q

sphenoid bone

A

lies at the middle part of the base of the skull; keystone of the cranial floor since it articulates with all other cranial bones (holds them together)

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43
Q

optic foramen

A

where the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass into the orbit

44
Q

ethmoid bone

A

delicate bone located in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits and is sponge-like in appearance

45
Q

superior and middle nasal concha

A

two thin scroll shaped projections lateral to the nasal septum

46
Q

facial bones

A

14 total (2 nasal bones, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic bones, mandible, 2 lacrimal bone, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal concha, vomer

47
Q

nasal bones

A

small flattened rectangular bones that form the bridge of the nose

48
Q

lacrimal bones

A

smallest bones of the face; form a part of the medial wall of each orbit

49
Q

palatine bones

A

L shaped bones; form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, small portion of the floors of the orbits

50
Q

lacrimal fossa

A

a vertical tunnel formed with the maxilla, that houses the lacrimal sac

51
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

scroll like bones; form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity

52
Q

vomer

A

forms inferior portion of the bony nasal septum

53
Q

maxillae

A

jawbones

54
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones

55
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

56
Q

the body of the mandible

A

curved horizontal portion of the mandible

57
Q

the ramus

A

two perpendicular portions of the mandible

58
Q

angle of the mandible

A

area where each ramus meets the body

59
Q

condylar process

A

articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

60
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

articulation of the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

61
Q

coronoid process

A

temporalis muscles attach

62
Q

alveolar process

A

ridgelike arch containing the alveoli for the mandibular teeth

63
Q

nasal septum

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer and septal cartilage

64
Q

orbits

A

eye socket

65
Q

vertebra

A

series of bone composing the spinal cord

66
Q

invertebral disc

A

found between bodies of vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra; form strong joints; permit movements of the vertebral column; absorb vertical shock

67
Q

normal curves of the spine

A

four normal bends in the spine; cervical and lumbar curves (bulging out); thoracic and sacral curves (cupping in)

68
Q

vertebral body

A

weight bearing part of the vertebra; provides attachment of cartilaginous invertebrate discs

69
Q

vertebral arch

A

vertebral body and arch surround spinal cord

70
Q

vertebral (spinal) canal

A

the vertebral foramina (holes) of all vertebra form the spinal canal

71
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

hole that permits passage of a single spinal nerve carrying info to and from the spinal cord

72
Q

transverse process

A

projects laterally on each side of the vertebral arch

73
Q

spinous process

A

projects posteriorly from the vertebral arch

74
Q

superior articular process

A

articulate (form joints) with the two inferior articular process of the vertebra immediately above them

75
Q

inferior articular process

A

articulate with two superior articular processes of the vertebra directly below them

76
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

C1-7 (top section of spine)

77
Q

atlas

A

first cervical vertebra inferior to the skull

78
Q

axis

A

second cervical vertebra

79
Q

dense/ ordontoid process

A

projects superiorly through the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen

80
Q

thoracic vertebra

A

T1-12 (upper mid section of the spine)

81
Q

lumbar vertebra

A

L1-5 (lower mid section of spine)

82
Q

sacrum

A

triangular bone formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae

83
Q

anterior sacral foramina

A

S1-5 (lower section of spine) 8 holes in the sacrum

84
Q

median sacral crest

A

ridge in the middle of the posterior (back) sacrum

85
Q

posterior sacral vertebrae

A

S1-5 (lower section of spine) 8 holes in sacrum

86
Q

sacral canal

A

continuation of vertebral cavity

87
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

articulation with the ilium of each hip

88
Q

coccyx

A

formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebra (Co1-Co4)

89
Q

sternum

A

breastbone;

90
Q

manubrium

A

superior part of the sternum

91
Q

xiphoid process

A

inferior tip of the sternum

92
Q

suprasternal notch

A

depression on superior surface of sternum

93
Q

clavicular notch

A

articulate with medial ends of the clavicles

94
Q

body of the sternum

A

middle and largest part of the sternum

95
Q

sternal angle

A

junction of manubrium and body

96
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs; structural support to sides of the thoracic cavity

97
Q

costal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that attaches ribs 1-7 to the sternum

98
Q

true ribs

A

1-7; the ribs that have costal cartilage and attach directly to the sternum

99
Q

false ribs

A

8-12; costal cartilages attach indirectly to the sternum or do not attach to the sternum at all

100
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12; the costal carriages do not attach to the sternum at all

101
Q

head

A

projection at posterior end of the rib that contains a pair of articular facets

102
Q

neck

A

constricted portion of rib just lateral to the head

103
Q

tubercle

A

knoblike structure on the posterior surface where neck joins body

104
Q

body

A

main part of the rib

105
Q

herniated disc/ slipped disc

A

if there is too much pressure on the invertebral discs; the nucleus can protrude posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral bodies

106
Q

spina bifida

A

laminae of L4 and or S1 fail to develop normally

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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