Chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
brain stem
A
continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata
2
Q
cerebellum
A
posterior to the brain stem
3
Q
diencephalon
A
superior to the brain stem; consists of thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
4
Q
cerebrum
A
supported on the diencephalon and brain stem; largest part of the brain
5
Q
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
A
consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of the brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries
6
Q
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
clear colourless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries; carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia
7
Q
ventricle
A
4 CSF filled cavities within the brain
8
Q
lateral ventricles (2)
A
one lateral ventricle in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
9
Q
third ventricle
A
a narrow slitlike cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus
10
Q
fourth ventricle
A
lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum
11
Q
3 functions of CSF
A
- Mechanical Protection: shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord
- Homeostatic Function: the pH of the CSF affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow (homeostatic controls for brain tissue)
- Circulation: CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and adjacent nerve tissue
12
Q
choroid plexus
A
networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles that produces the majority of CSF
13
Q
blood- cerebrospinal fluid barrier
A
permits certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others; protects the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood-borne substances; formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells
14
Q
medulla oblongata / medulla
A
white matter contains all sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts
15
Q
pyramids
A
bulges of white matter on the anterior aspect of the medulla
16
Q
decussation of pyramids
A
superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord, 90% of the axons in the left side cross to the right side and 90% of the axons in the right pyramid cross to the left side
17
Q
cardiovascular centre
A
regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels
18
Q
medullary rhythmicity area of the respiratory centre
A
adjusts basic rhythm for breathing
19
Q
pons
A
lies directly superior to the medulla; consists of nuclei and tracts; bridge that connects parts of then rain with one another
20
Q
pneumotaxic area
A
other nuclei located in the pons; together with the apneustic area and rhythmicity area helps control breathing
21
Q
apneustic area
A
other nuclei located in the pons; together with the pneumotaxic area and rhythmicity area helps control breathing
22
Q
midbrain / mesencephalon
A
extends from the pons to the diencephalon; contains nuclei and tracts
23
Q
reticular formation
A
the region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement; neurons have both sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) functions
24
Q
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
A
the ascending portion of the reticular formation; consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex; function: consciousness (state of awareness)
25
cerebellum
highly folded surface to increase surface area; smaller brain at the back
26
transverse fissure
deep groove in the cerebellum that support the posterior part of the cerebrum and separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
27
vermis
the shape of the cerebellum resembles a butterfly; the central constricted area is the vermis
28
cerebellar hemispheres
the shape of the cerebellum resembles a butterfly; the wings are the cerebellar hemispheres
29
cerebellar cortex
superficial layer of the cerebellum; consists of gray matter in a series of slender, parallel folds
30
folia
slender parallel folds in the cerebellar cortex
31
arbor vitae
white matter deep to the gray matter in the cerebellum; resembles branches of a tree
32
diencephalon
forms a central core of brain tissue just superior to the midbrain; contains nuclei involved in sensory and motor processing; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
33
thalamus
major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from he spinal cord and brain stem; contributes to motor functions by transmitting info from the cerebellum to the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex
34
hypothalamus
controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis; sensory impulses related to somatic and visceral senses and receptors for vision, taste and smell come to the hypothalamus
35
epithalamus
a small region superior and posterior to the thalamus; consists of pineal gland and habenular nuclei
36
pineal gland
part of the epithalamus; part of the endocrine system (secretes melatonin- promotes sleepiness)
37
melatonin
hormone that promotes sleepiness
38
cerebrum
"seat of intelligence"; provides ability to read, write and speak; consists of outer cerebral cortex, internal region of white matter and gray matter nuclei
39
cerebral cortex
a region of gray matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum; although very thin, contains billions of neurons
40
gyri or convolutions
the folds in the cerebral cortex
41
fissure
deepest grooves between folds in the cerebral cortex
42
sulcus
shallower grooves between folds in the cerebral cortex
43
longitudinal fissure
most prominent fissure in the cerebral cortex; separates the cerebrum into left and right halves
44
cerebral hemispheres
left and right halves of the cerebrum; separated by longitudinal fissure
45
corpus callosum
internal connection of the cerebral hemispheres; a broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the hemispheres
46
central sulcus
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
47
precentral gyrus
located immediately anterior to the central sulcus; contains primary motor area of the cerebral cortex
48
postcentral gyrus
located immediately posterior to the central sulcus; contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
49
lateral cerebral sulcus (fissure)
separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
50
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
51
insula
part of the cerebrum; cannot be seen at the surface because it lies within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes
52
cerebral white matter
consists primarily of myelinated axons; 3 tracts: association tracts, commissural tracts and projection tracts
53
association tracts
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
54
commissural tracts
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere
55
projection tracts
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses fro the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum
56
basal ganglia /basal nuclei
deep within each cerebral hemisphere are three nuclei (masses of grey matter) collectively called "basal nuclei"; receives input from the cerebral cortex and provide output to motor parts of the cortex via the medial and ventral group nuclei of the thalamus; help regulate initiation and termination of movements
57
limbic system
a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon; "emotional brain"; primary role in range of emotions (pain, pleasure, affection and anger)
58
sensory areas
receive sensory info and are involved in perception (conscious awareness of a sensation)
59
motor areas
control execution of voluntary movements
60
primary somatosensory area
receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, pain; a "map" of the entire body is present in the primary somatosensory are that receives impulses from specific part of the body
61
primary visual area
receives visual information and is involved in visual perception
62
primary auditory area
receives info for sound and is involved in auditory perception
63
primary gustatory area
receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination
64
primary olfactory are
receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception
65
association areas
deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits and intelligence
66
primary motor area
a "map" is present and each region within the area controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles/ groups of muscles;
67
Broca's Speech Area
involves speaking and understanding of language
68
somatosensory association area
permits you to determine exact shape and texture of an object by feeling it to determine the orientation of one object with respect to another as they are felt, and to sense the relationship of one body part to another
69
prefrontal cortex (frontal association area)
has numerous connections with other areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebellum; makeup of personality, intellect, initiative, mood, planning, development of abstract ideas
70
visual association area
receives sensory impulses from the primary visual area and the thalamus; recognition of objects by looking at them
71
auditory association area
allows to recognize a particular sound as speech music or noise
72
Wernicke's (posterior language) area
interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
73
common integrative area
receives nerve impulses from the somatosensory, visual and auditory association areas and from the primary gustatory area, primary olfactory area, the thalamus and parts of the brain stem; integrates sensory interpretations from the association areas and impulses from other areas
74
premotor area
neurons communicate with the primary motor cortex, the sensory association areas in the parietal lobe, the basal nuclei and the thalamus; deals with learned motor activities of a complex sequential nature; i.e. when you write your name; memory bank for learned motor activities
75
frontal eye field area
controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes; i.e. for reading
76
hemispheric lateralization
functional asymmetry of the hemispheres of the brain; the planum temporal (region of temporal lobe that includes Wernicke's area) is 50% larger on the left side than on the right side; left hemisphere is more important for reasoning, numerical and scientific skills, spoken and written language and sign language; the right hemisphere is more specialized for musical and artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces and emotional content of language, discrimination of different smells and generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell to compare relationships among them
77
brain waves
all the nerve impulses taken together; can be detected by electrodes
78
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
a record of brain waves using electrodes placed on the forehead and scalp
79
alpha waves
occur at a frequency of 8-13 cycles/second (Hz); present in individuals when they are awake and resting with their eyes closed; disappear entirely when asleep
80
beta waves
frequency: 14-30 Hz; appear when nervous system is active (during periods of sensory input and mental activity)
81
theta waves
frequency: 4-7 Hz; occur in children and adults experiencing emotional stress; occur in many disorders in the brain
82
delta waves
frequency: 1-5 Hz; occur during deep sleep in adults; normal in awake infants; if present in an awake adult they indicate brain damage
83
cranial nerves
pass through various foramina in the bones of the cranium and arise from the brain inside the cranial cavity; 13 pairs
84
Olfactory (I) Nerve
entirely sensory; contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for olfaction
85
Optic (II) Nerve
entirely sensory; it contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision
86
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) and Abducens (VI) Nerves
control the muscles that move the eyeballs; contain only motor axons as they exit the brain stem
Oculomotor also changes size of pupil and shape of lens
87
Trigeminal (V) Nerve
largest cranial nerve; carry nerve impulses for touch, pain and thermal sensations
88
Facial (VII) Nerve
relay touch, pain and thermal sensations; contraction of facial muscles
89
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
Carry nerve impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
90
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
Carry nerve impulses associated with swallowing, salivation and taste
91
Vagus (X) Nerve
Carry nerve impulses to and from many organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
92
Accessory (XI) Nerve
motor cranial nerve; Control head and shoulder muscles
93
Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
motor cranial nerve; nerve impulses for speech and swallowing (tongue muscles)
94
0 Nerve
these nerves innervate a newly discovered pair of sensory organs called the vomeronasal organs (located in the anterior nasal cavity). The function of the human vomeronasal organs is not yet known; however, there is some evidence that they might detect pheromones, chemical signals passed subconsciously from one individual to another (in other animals, pheromones are known to have effects on reproductive and social behaviours).
95
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)/ Stroke/ Brain Attack
an abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms, (i.e. paralysis or loss of sensation) that arise from destruction of brain tissue; caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli (blood clots) and atherosclerosis (formation of cholesterol containing plaques that block blood flow)
96
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to part of the brain
97
Alzheimer Disease
disabling senile dementia, the loser of reasoning and ability to care for oneself
98
Dementia
permanent or progressive general loss of intellectual abilities, including impairment of memory, judgment and abstract thinking and changes in personality
99
Encephalitis
an acute inflammation of the brain caused by either a direct attack by any of several viruses or an allergic reaction to any of the many viruses that are normally harmless to the CNS
