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Biology 235 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

brain stem

A

continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior to the brain stem

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3
Q

diencephalon

A

superior to the brain stem; consists of thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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4
Q

cerebrum

A

supported on the diencephalon and brain stem; largest part of the brain

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5
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of the brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries

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6
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear colourless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries; carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia

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7
Q

ventricle

A

4 CSF filled cavities within the brain

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8
Q

lateral ventricles (2)

A

one lateral ventricle in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

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9
Q

third ventricle

A

a narrow slitlike cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus

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10
Q

fourth ventricle

A

lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum

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11
Q

3 functions of CSF

A
  1. Mechanical Protection: shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord
  2. Homeostatic Function: the pH of the CSF affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow (homeostatic controls for brain tissue)
  3. Circulation: CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and adjacent nerve tissue
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12
Q

choroid plexus

A

networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles that produces the majority of CSF

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13
Q

blood- cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

permits certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others; protects the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood-borne substances; formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells

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14
Q

medulla oblongata / medulla

A

white matter contains all sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts

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15
Q

pyramids

A

bulges of white matter on the anterior aspect of the medulla

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16
Q

decussation of pyramids

A

superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord, 90% of the axons in the left side cross to the right side and 90% of the axons in the right pyramid cross to the left side

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17
Q

cardiovascular centre

A

regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels

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18
Q

medullary rhythmicity area of the respiratory centre

A

adjusts basic rhythm for breathing

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19
Q

pons

A

lies directly superior to the medulla; consists of nuclei and tracts; bridge that connects parts of then rain with one another

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20
Q

pneumotaxic area

A

other nuclei located in the pons; together with the apneustic area and rhythmicity area helps control breathing

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21
Q

apneustic area

A

other nuclei located in the pons; together with the pneumotaxic area and rhythmicity area helps control breathing

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22
Q

midbrain / mesencephalon

A

extends from the pons to the diencephalon; contains nuclei and tracts

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23
Q

reticular formation

A

the region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement; neurons have both sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) functions

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24
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

the ascending portion of the reticular formation; consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex; function: consciousness (state of awareness)

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25
Q

cerebellum

A

highly folded surface to increase surface area; smaller brain at the back

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26
Q

transverse fissure

A

deep groove in the cerebellum that support the posterior part of the cerebrum and separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

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27
Q

vermis

A

the shape of the cerebellum resembles a butterfly; the central constricted area is the vermis

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28
Q

cerebellar hemispheres

A

the shape of the cerebellum resembles a butterfly; the wings are the cerebellar hemispheres

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29
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

superficial layer of the cerebellum; consists of gray matter in a series of slender, parallel folds

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30
Q

folia

A

slender parallel folds in the cerebellar cortex

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31
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter deep to the gray matter in the cerebellum; resembles branches of a tree

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32
Q

diencephalon

A

forms a central core of brain tissue just superior to the midbrain; contains nuclei involved in sensory and motor processing; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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33
Q

thalamus

A

major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from he spinal cord and brain stem; contributes to motor functions by transmitting info from the cerebellum to the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

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34
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis; sensory impulses related to somatic and visceral senses and receptors for vision, taste and smell come to the hypothalamus

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35
Q

epithalamus

A

a small region superior and posterior to the thalamus; consists of pineal gland and habenular nuclei

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36
Q

pineal gland

A

part of the epithalamus; part of the endocrine system (secretes melatonin- promotes sleepiness)

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37
Q

melatonin

A

hormone that promotes sleepiness

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38
Q

cerebrum

A

“seat of intelligence”; provides ability to read, write and speak; consists of outer cerebral cortex, internal region of white matter and gray matter nuclei

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39
Q

cerebral cortex

A

a region of gray matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum; although very thin, contains billions of neurons

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40
Q

gyri or convolutions

A

the folds in the cerebral cortex

41
Q

fissure

A

deepest grooves between folds in the cerebral cortex

42
Q

sulcus

A

shallower grooves between folds in the cerebral cortex

43
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

most prominent fissure in the cerebral cortex; separates the cerebrum into left and right halves

44
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

left and right halves of the cerebrum; separated by longitudinal fissure

45
Q

corpus callosum

A

internal connection of the cerebral hemispheres; a broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the hemispheres

46
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

47
Q

precentral gyrus

A

located immediately anterior to the central sulcus; contains primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

48
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

located immediately posterior to the central sulcus; contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

49
Q

lateral cerebral sulcus (fissure)

A

separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

50
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

51
Q

insula

A

part of the cerebrum; cannot be seen at the surface because it lies within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes

52
Q

cerebral white matter

A

consists primarily of myelinated axons; 3 tracts: association tracts, commissural tracts and projection tracts

53
Q

association tracts

A

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

54
Q

commissural tracts

A

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere

55
Q

projection tracts

A

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses fro the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum

56
Q

basal ganglia /basal nuclei

A

deep within each cerebral hemisphere are three nuclei (masses of grey matter) collectively called “basal nuclei”; receives input from the cerebral cortex and provide output to motor parts of the cortex via the medial and ventral group nuclei of the thalamus; help regulate initiation and termination of movements

57
Q

limbic system

A

a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon; “emotional brain”; primary role in range of emotions (pain, pleasure, affection and anger)

58
Q

sensory areas

A

receive sensory info and are involved in perception (conscious awareness of a sensation)

59
Q

motor areas

A

control execution of voluntary movements

60
Q

primary somatosensory area

A

receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, pain; a “map” of the entire body is present in the primary somatosensory are that receives impulses from specific part of the body

61
Q

primary visual area

A

receives visual information and is involved in visual perception

62
Q

primary auditory area

A

receives info for sound and is involved in auditory perception

63
Q

primary gustatory area

A

receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination

64
Q

primary olfactory are

A

receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception

65
Q

association areas

A

deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits and intelligence

66
Q

primary motor area

A

a “map” is present and each region within the area controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles/ groups of muscles;

67
Q

Broca’s Speech Area

A

involves speaking and understanding of language

68
Q

somatosensory association area

A

permits you to determine exact shape and texture of an object by feeling it to determine the orientation of one object with respect to another as they are felt, and to sense the relationship of one body part to another

69
Q

prefrontal cortex (frontal association area)

A

has numerous connections with other areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebellum; makeup of personality, intellect, initiative, mood, planning, development of abstract ideas

70
Q

visual association area

A

receives sensory impulses from the primary visual area and the thalamus; recognition of objects by looking at them

71
Q

auditory association area

A

allows to recognize a particular sound as speech music or noise

72
Q

Wernicke’s (posterior language) area

A

interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

73
Q

common integrative area

A

receives nerve impulses from the somatosensory, visual and auditory association areas and from the primary gustatory area, primary olfactory area, the thalamus and parts of the brain stem; integrates sensory interpretations from the association areas and impulses from other areas

74
Q

premotor area

A

neurons communicate with the primary motor cortex, the sensory association areas in the parietal lobe, the basal nuclei and the thalamus; deals with learned motor activities of a complex sequential nature; i.e. when you write your name; memory bank for learned motor activities

75
Q

frontal eye field area

A

controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes; i.e. for reading

76
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

functional asymmetry of the hemispheres of the brain; the planum temporal (region of temporal lobe that includes Wernicke’s area) is 50% larger on the left side than on the right side; left hemisphere is more important for reasoning, numerical and scientific skills, spoken and written language and sign language; the right hemisphere is more specialized for musical and artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces and emotional content of language, discrimination of different smells and generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell to compare relationships among them

77
Q

brain waves

A

all the nerve impulses taken together; can be detected by electrodes

78
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

a record of brain waves using electrodes placed on the forehead and scalp

79
Q

alpha waves

A

occur at a frequency of 8-13 cycles/second (Hz); present in individuals when they are awake and resting with their eyes closed; disappear entirely when asleep

80
Q

beta waves

A

frequency: 14-30 Hz; appear when nervous system is active (during periods of sensory input and mental activity)

81
Q

theta waves

A

frequency: 4-7 Hz; occur in children and adults experiencing emotional stress; occur in many disorders in the brain

82
Q

delta waves

A

frequency: 1-5 Hz; occur during deep sleep in adults; normal in awake infants; if present in an awake adult they indicate brain damage

83
Q

cranial nerves

A

pass through various foramina in the bones of the cranium and arise from the brain inside the cranial cavity; 13 pairs

84
Q

Olfactory (I) Nerve

A

entirely sensory; contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for olfaction

85
Q

Optic (II) Nerve

A

entirely sensory; it contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision

86
Q

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) and Abducens (VI) Nerves

A

control the muscles that move the eyeballs; contain only motor axons as they exit the brain stem
Oculomotor also changes size of pupil and shape of lens

87
Q

Trigeminal (V) Nerve

A

largest cranial nerve; carry nerve impulses for touch, pain and thermal sensations

88
Q

Facial (VII) Nerve

A

relay touch, pain and thermal sensations; contraction of facial muscles

89
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve

A

Carry nerve impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium

90
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve

A

Carry nerve impulses associated with swallowing, salivation and taste

91
Q

Vagus (X) Nerve

A

Carry nerve impulses to and from many organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

92
Q

Accessory (XI) Nerve

A

motor cranial nerve; Control head and shoulder muscles

93
Q

Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve

A

motor cranial nerve; nerve impulses for speech and swallowing (tongue muscles)

94
Q

0 Nerve

A

these nerves innervate a newly discovered pair of sensory organs called the vomeronasal organs (located in the anterior nasal cavity). The function of the human vomeronasal organs is not yet known; however, there is some evidence that they might detect pheromones, chemical signals passed subconsciously from one individual to another (in other animals, pheromones are known to have effects on reproductive and social behaviours).

95
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)/ Stroke/ Brain Attack

A

an abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms, (i.e. paralysis or loss of sensation) that arise from destruction of brain tissue; caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli (blood clots) and atherosclerosis (formation of cholesterol containing plaques that block blood flow)

96
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to part of the brain

97
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

disabling senile dementia, the loser of reasoning and ability to care for oneself

98
Q

Dementia

A

permanent or progressive general loss of intellectual abilities, including impairment of memory, judgment and abstract thinking and changes in personality

99
Q

Encephalitis

A

an acute inflammation of the brain caused by either a direct attack by any of several viruses or an allergic reaction to any of the many viruses that are normally harmless to the CNS

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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