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Biology 235 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

skin aka cutaneous membrane

A

covers the external surface of the body, and is the largest organ of the body in both surface area and weight

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2
Q

epidermis

A

the superficial, thinner portion of the skin; composed of epithelial tissue; AVASCULAR

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3
Q

dermis

A

deeper, thicker connective tissue portion of the skin; VASCULAR

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4
Q

subcutaneous (SubQ) layer aka hypodermis

A

consists of auroral and adipose tissue; serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

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5
Q

epidermis

A

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; contains 4 types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells

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6
Q

keratinocytes

A

make up 90% of epidermal cells; arranged in 4 or 5 layers that produce protein keratin

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7
Q

keratin

A

tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes and granules

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

make up 8% of epidermal cells; produce the pigment melanin

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9
Q

melanin

A

yellow-red/brown-black pigment that contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging UV rays

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10
Q

Langerhans Cells aka epidermal dendritic cells

A

make up small fraction of epidermal cells; participate in immune responses against microbes that invade the skin; easily damaged by UV light; help other cells of the immune system recognize an invading microbe and destroy it

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11
Q

Merkel Cells

A

least numerous epidermal cells; detect touch sensations

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12
Q

stratum basale aka stratum germinativum

A

deepest layer of the epidermis; composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

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13
Q

stratum spinosum

A

superficial layer to the stratum basal; consists of keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers

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14
Q

stratum granulosum

A

middle layer of the epidermis; consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis (genetically programmed cell death), organelles of these cells begin to degenerate as they move farther from their nutrition source
-distinctive feature: darkly staining granules of protein keratohyalin

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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

present only in thick skin; 4-6 layers of flattened, clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes; provides extra level of toughness

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16
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes; cells are extremely thin; held together with other cells by wavy folds in a puzzle

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17
Q

callus

A

forms from constant exposure of skin to friction

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18
Q

keratinization

A

as cells move from one layer to the next, they accumulate more and more keratin

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19
Q

dermis

A

deeper than epidermis; composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres;

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20
Q

papillary region

A

makes up about 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis; consists of thin collagen and fine elastic fibres

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21
Q

dermal papillae

A

small, nipple shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis; increases surface area of papillary region of the dermis

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22
Q

Meissner corpuscles aka corpuscles of touch

A

nerve endings that are sensitive to touch

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23
Q

free nerve ending

A

dendrites that lack any apparent structural specializations

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24
Q

reticular region

A

attached to subcutaneous layer; consists of bundles of thick collagen fibres, scattered fibroblasts and various wandering cells (i.e. macrophages)

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25
Q

epidermal ridge

A

produced during the 3rd month of fetal development as downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae and papillary region; create a strong bond between the epidermis and dermis in a region of high mechanical stress

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26
Q

melanin

A

amount causes the skin’s colour to vary pale yellow to reddish-brown to black

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27
Q

carotene

A

yellow orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their colour

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28
Q

albinism

A

inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

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29
Q

hair

A

present on most skin surfaces except palms, palmar surfaces of fingers, soles and plantar surfaces of feet

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30
Q

shaft

A

superficial portion of the hair

31
Q

root

A

portion of hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis

32
Q

hair follicle

A

surrounds the root of the hair; made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath

33
Q

bulb

A

the base of each hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath

34
Q

matrix

A

germinal layer of cells in the bulb; responsible for the growth of existing hairs and produce new hairs when old hairs are shed

35
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle

36
Q

hair root plexus

A

dendrites of neutrons that surround each hair follicle; generate nerve impulses if hair shafts are moved

37
Q

hair growth

A

consists of growth stage, regression stage and resting stage

38
Q

vellus hairs

A

peach fuzz

39
Q

terminal hairs

A

long coarse, heavily pigmented hairs found on the eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp

40
Q

hair colour

A

primarily due to the amount and type of melanin in its keratinized cells

41
Q

sebaceous glands aka oil glands

A

simple branched acinar (rounded) glands; secrete oily substance called sebum

42
Q

acne

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands that usually begins at puberty

43
Q

sudoriferous gland aka sweat gland

A

cells of these glands release sweat

44
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A

simple, coiled tubular glands that are much more common than apocrine sweat glands

45
Q

insensible perspiration

A

sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture

46
Q

sensible perspiration

A

sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and is seen as moisture on the skin

47
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

simple, coiled tubular glands that are found mainly in the skin of the armpits, going, areolae and face; secretion via exocytosis; sweat appears milky in color; odourless sweat but gets an odour when it interacts with the bacteria on the skin

48
Q

ceruminous gland

A

modified sweat glands in the external ear; produce a waxy lubricating secretion

49
Q

cerumen

A

combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands

50
Q

nail

A

plates of tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear solid covering over dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits

51
Q

nail body

A

visible portion of the nail

52
Q

free edge

A

part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit

53
Q

nail root

A

portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

54
Q

hyponychium aka nail bed

A

secures nail to the fingertip

55
Q

eponychium aka cuticle

A

narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall

56
Q

lunula

A

whitish, crescent shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

57
Q

nail matrix

A

proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root

58
Q

what portion of skin helps with thermoregulation

A

eccrine sweat glands

59
Q

protection

A

ceruminous glands (impedes entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal) and epidermis (protects internal organs from outside materials)

60
Q

cutaneous sensations

A

hair root plexus, free nerve endings in epidermis

61
Q

excretion and absorption

A

sweat and oil glands

62
Q

epidermal wound healing

A

basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane. The cells enlarge and migrate across the wound. The cells appear to migrate as a sheet until they meet the cells from the opp. side. When they meet, they stope migrating (contact inhibition).

63
Q

deep wound healing

A

when injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer. Phases: inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferative phase and maturation phase

64
Q

inflammatory phase

A

blood clot forms that loosely unites the edges. Vasodilation increases the delivery of helpful cells

65
Q

Migratory phase

A

clot becomes a scab; epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound

66
Q

proliferative phase

A

extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scabs, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibres in random patterns and continued growth of blood vessels

67
Q

maturation phase

A

scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness; collagen fibres become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number and blood vessels are restored to normal

68
Q

granulation tissue

A

during migratory phase, fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and begin synthesizing scar tissue (collagen fibres and glycoproteins) and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow. The tissue filling the wound is called granulation tissue

69
Q

skin cancer

A

excessive exposure to UV radiation from sun has causes skin cancer; malignant melanomas forms from melanocytes

70
Q

burn

A

tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) proteins in the skin

71
Q

cold sore aka fever blister

A

a lesion caused by Type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV) transmitted by oral or respiratory route

72
Q

eczema

A

inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin. Cause is linked to genetics and allergies

73
Q

hives aka urticaria

A

reddened, elevated patches of skin that are often itchy. Caused by infections, physical trauma, medications and emotional stress

74
Q

wart

A

mass produced uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells; caused by papillomavirus

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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