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Biology 235 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

skin aka cutaneous membrane

A

covers the external surface of the body, and is the largest organ of the body in both surface area and weight

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2
Q

epidermis

A

the superficial, thinner portion of the skin; composed of epithelial tissue; AVASCULAR

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3
Q

dermis

A

deeper, thicker connective tissue portion of the skin; VASCULAR

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4
Q

subcutaneous (SubQ) layer aka hypodermis

A

consists of auroral and adipose tissue; serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

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5
Q

epidermis

A

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; contains 4 types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells

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6
Q

keratinocytes

A

make up 90% of epidermal cells; arranged in 4 or 5 layers that produce protein keratin

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7
Q

keratin

A

tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes and granules

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

make up 8% of epidermal cells; produce the pigment melanin

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9
Q

melanin

A

yellow-red/brown-black pigment that contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging UV rays

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10
Q

Langerhans Cells aka epidermal dendritic cells

A

make up small fraction of epidermal cells; participate in immune responses against microbes that invade the skin; easily damaged by UV light; help other cells of the immune system recognize an invading microbe and destroy it

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11
Q

Merkel Cells

A

least numerous epidermal cells; detect touch sensations

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12
Q

stratum basale aka stratum germinativum

A

deepest layer of the epidermis; composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

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13
Q

stratum spinosum

A

superficial layer to the stratum basal; consists of keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers

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14
Q

stratum granulosum

A

middle layer of the epidermis; consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis (genetically programmed cell death), organelles of these cells begin to degenerate as they move farther from their nutrition source
-distinctive feature: darkly staining granules of protein keratohyalin

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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

present only in thick skin; 4-6 layers of flattened, clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes; provides extra level of toughness

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16
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes; cells are extremely thin; held together with other cells by wavy folds in a puzzle

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17
Q

callus

A

forms from constant exposure of skin to friction

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18
Q

keratinization

A

as cells move from one layer to the next, they accumulate more and more keratin

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19
Q

dermis

A

deeper than epidermis; composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres;

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20
Q

papillary region

A

makes up about 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis; consists of thin collagen and fine elastic fibres

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21
Q

dermal papillae

A

small, nipple shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis; increases surface area of papillary region of the dermis

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22
Q

Meissner corpuscles aka corpuscles of touch

A

nerve endings that are sensitive to touch

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23
Q

free nerve ending

A

dendrites that lack any apparent structural specializations

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24
Q

reticular region

A

attached to subcutaneous layer; consists of bundles of thick collagen fibres, scattered fibroblasts and various wandering cells (i.e. macrophages)

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25
epidermal ridge
produced during the 3rd month of fetal development as downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae and papillary region; create a strong bond between the epidermis and dermis in a region of high mechanical stress
26
melanin
amount causes the skin's colour to vary pale yellow to reddish-brown to black
27
carotene
yellow orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their colour
28
albinism
inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin
29
hair
present on most skin surfaces except palms, palmar surfaces of fingers, soles and plantar surfaces of feet
30
shaft
superficial portion of the hair
31
root
portion of hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis
32
hair follicle
surrounds the root of the hair; made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath
33
bulb
the base of each hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath
34
matrix
germinal layer of cells in the bulb; responsible for the growth of existing hairs and produce new hairs when old hairs are shed
35
arrector pili
smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle
36
hair root plexus
dendrites of neutrons that surround each hair follicle; generate nerve impulses if hair shafts are moved
37
hair growth
consists of growth stage, regression stage and resting stage
38
vellus hairs
peach fuzz
39
terminal hairs
long coarse, heavily pigmented hairs found on the eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp
40
hair colour
primarily due to the amount and type of melanin in its keratinized cells
41
sebaceous glands aka oil glands
simple branched acinar (rounded) glands; secrete oily substance called sebum
42
acne
inflammation of sebaceous glands that usually begins at puberty
43
sudoriferous gland aka sweat gland
cells of these glands release sweat
44
eccrine sweat gland
simple, coiled tubular glands that are much more common than apocrine sweat glands
45
insensible perspiration
sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture
46
sensible perspiration
sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and is seen as moisture on the skin
47
apocrine sweat glands
simple, coiled tubular glands that are found mainly in the skin of the armpits, going, areolae and face; secretion via exocytosis; sweat appears milky in color; odourless sweat but gets an odour when it interacts with the bacteria on the skin
48
ceruminous gland
modified sweat glands in the external ear; produce a waxy lubricating secretion
49
cerumen
combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands
50
nail
plates of tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear solid covering over dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits
51
nail body
visible portion of the nail
52
free edge
part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit
53
nail root
portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin
54
hyponychium aka nail bed
secures nail to the fingertip
55
eponychium aka cuticle
narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall
56
lunula
whitish, crescent shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body
57
nail matrix
proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root
58
what portion of skin helps with thermoregulation
eccrine sweat glands
59
protection
ceruminous glands (impedes entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal) and epidermis (protects internal organs from outside materials)
60
cutaneous sensations
hair root plexus, free nerve endings in epidermis
61
excretion and absorption
sweat and oil glands
62
epidermal wound healing
basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane. The cells enlarge and migrate across the wound. The cells appear to migrate as a sheet until they meet the cells from the opp. side. When they meet, they stope migrating (contact inhibition).
63
deep wound healing
when injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer. Phases: inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferative phase and maturation phase
64
inflammatory phase
blood clot forms that loosely unites the edges. Vasodilation increases the delivery of helpful cells
65
Migratory phase
clot becomes a scab; epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound
66
proliferative phase
extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scabs, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibres in random patterns and continued growth of blood vessels
67
maturation phase
scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness; collagen fibres become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number and blood vessels are restored to normal
68
granulation tissue
during migratory phase, fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and begin synthesizing scar tissue (collagen fibres and glycoproteins) and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow. The tissue filling the wound is called granulation tissue
69
skin cancer
excessive exposure to UV radiation from sun has causes skin cancer; malignant melanomas forms from melanocytes
70
burn
tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) proteins in the skin
71
cold sore aka fever blister
a lesion caused by Type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV) transmitted by oral or respiratory route
72
eczema
inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin. Cause is linked to genetics and allergies
73
hives aka urticaria
reddened, elevated patches of skin that are often itchy. Caused by infections, physical trauma, medications and emotional stress
74
wart
mass produced uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells; caused by papillomavirus

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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