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Biology 235 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

3 main parts: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separates internal environment from external environment; selective membrane

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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4
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm, contains water, dissolved solutes and suspended particles

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5
Q

organelles

A

characteristic shape and specific function i.e. cytoskeleton, ribosomes, ER

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6
Q

nucleus

A

large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA. Contains chromosomes and genes

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7
Q

plasma membrane

A

flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell

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8
Q

lipid bilayer

A

two back to back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules (phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids). Lipids are amphiapthic so the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail form the bilayer (heads to the outside)

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9
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid that contains phosphorus

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10
Q

cholesterol

A

steroid with an attached hydroxyl (OH) group which makes them weakly amphipathic.

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11
Q

glycolipid

A

lipid with attached carbohydrate group

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12
Q

integral protein

A

permenantly embedded in membrane

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13
Q

transmembrane protein

A

span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid (sticks into the cell, through the membrane and outside the cell)

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14
Q

peripheral protein

A

attached to the polar heads of the membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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15
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with carbohydrate group attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid

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16
Q

functions of integral proteins

A

form ion channels, act as carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers

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17
Q

function of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

serve as cell identity markers

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18
Q

ion channel

A

pores/holes that specific ions (i.e. potassium ions) can flow through to get into or out of the cell

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19
Q

carrier

A

selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other (aka transporter)

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20
Q

receptors

A

cellular recognition sites (recognizes and binds a specific type of molecule)

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21
Q

enzyme

A

catalyze specific chemical reactions

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22
Q

linker

A

anchors proteins in the plasma membrane of neighbouring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell.

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23
Q

cell identity markers

A

enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation and recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells.

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24
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

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25
Q

membrane fluidity

A

most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins easily rotate and move sideways in their own half of the bilayer

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26
Q

selective permeability

A

plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than others

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27
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

the combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion

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28
Q

passive processes

A

substance moves down a concentration gradient/electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy

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29
Q

active processes

A

cellular energy is used to drive the substance against the concentration gradient

30
Q

diffusion

A

passive process in which random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles’ kinetic energy

31
Q

diffusion rate

A

influenced by : steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of diffusing substance, surface area and diffusion distance

32
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane - either a membrane channel or carrier

33
Q

diffusion through ion channels

A

a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel

34
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion where there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane

35
Q

aquaporins

A

integral membrane proteins that function as water channels

36
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force exerted by the solution with the impermeable solute

37
Q

tonicity

A

measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

38
Q

isotonic solution

A

any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume

39
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell

40
Q

hemolysis

A

hypotonic solution causes the RBC to swell and eventually burst

41
Q

lysis

A

the rupture of other types of cells due to placement in a hypotonic solution

42
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol of the cell

43
Q

crenation

A

shrinkage of cells because water molecules move out of the cells faster than they enter due to a hypertonic solution

44
Q

active transport

A

movement of solutes against the concentration gradient requiring energy

45
Q

primary active transport

A

energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against the concentration gradient

46
Q

pump

A

carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport

47
Q

Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ ATPase

A

expels sodium ions from cells and brings potassium ions in

48
Q

secondary active transport

A

the energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradient

49
Q

vesicular transport

A

transport in small spherical sacs

50
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol

51
Q

centrosome

A

located near the nucleus; consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and pericentrolar cylindrical structures

52
Q

Cilia

A

numerous short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

53
Q

flagella

A

short hairlike projections that extend from the surface of a cell; longer than cilia

54
Q

ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis

55
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules

56
Q

rough ER

A

continuous with the nuclear membrane and usually is folded into a series of flattened sac. Studded with ribosomes; is the site of protein synthesis

57
Q

Smooth ER

A

extends from rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules- no ribosomes on the surface. Synthesizes fatty acids

58
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from the rough ER
- Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid

59
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi Complex

  • digest substances via endocytosis
  • carry out the digestion of worn out organelles
  • implement autolysis (digestion of an entire cell)
  • accomplish extracellular digestion
60
Q

Peroxisome

A

smaller version of a lysosome

61
Q

Proteasome

A

tiny barrel shaped structures consisting of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core
- carry out destruction of unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

62
Q

mitochondia

A

powerhouse of the cell - generate most ATP through aerobic respiration

63
Q

nucleus

A
  • control cellular structure
  • directs cellular activities
  • produces ribosomes in nuceoli
64
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm (lipid bilayers)

65
Q

nuclear pores

A

openings in the nuclear envelope that control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

66
Q

nucleolus

A

spherical bodies in the nucleus that produce ribosomes

67
Q

gene

A

hereditary units

68
Q

chromosome

A

long molecule of DNA coiled with several proteins

69
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of DNA, proteins and RNA

70
Q

transcription

A

the genetic info represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence of codons

71
Q

translation

A

the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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