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Biology 235 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

3 main parts: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separates internal environment from external environment; selective membrane

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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4
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm, contains water, dissolved solutes and suspended particles

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5
Q

organelles

A

characteristic shape and specific function i.e. cytoskeleton, ribosomes, ER

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6
Q

nucleus

A

large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA. Contains chromosomes and genes

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7
Q

plasma membrane

A

flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell

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8
Q

lipid bilayer

A

two back to back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules (phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids). Lipids are amphiapthic so the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail form the bilayer (heads to the outside)

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9
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid that contains phosphorus

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10
Q

cholesterol

A

steroid with an attached hydroxyl (OH) group which makes them weakly amphipathic.

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11
Q

glycolipid

A

lipid with attached carbohydrate group

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12
Q

integral protein

A

permenantly embedded in membrane

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13
Q

transmembrane protein

A

span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid (sticks into the cell, through the membrane and outside the cell)

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14
Q

peripheral protein

A

attached to the polar heads of the membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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15
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with carbohydrate group attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid

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16
Q

functions of integral proteins

A

form ion channels, act as carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers

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17
Q

function of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

serve as cell identity markers

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18
Q

ion channel

A

pores/holes that specific ions (i.e. potassium ions) can flow through to get into or out of the cell

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19
Q

carrier

A

selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other (aka transporter)

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20
Q

receptors

A

cellular recognition sites (recognizes and binds a specific type of molecule)

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21
Q

enzyme

A

catalyze specific chemical reactions

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22
Q

linker

A

anchors proteins in the plasma membrane of neighbouring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell.

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23
Q

cell identity markers

A

enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation and recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells.

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24
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

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25
membrane fluidity
most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins easily rotate and move sideways in their own half of the bilayer
26
selective permeability
plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than others
27
electrochemical gradient
the combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion
28
passive processes
substance moves down a concentration gradient/electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy
29
active processes
cellular energy is used to drive the substance against the concentration gradient
30
diffusion
passive process in which random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy
31
diffusion rate
influenced by : steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of diffusing substance, surface area and diffusion distance
32
facilitated diffusion
an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane - either a membrane channel or carrier
33
diffusion through ion channels
a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel
34
osmosis
diffusion where there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
35
aquaporins
integral membrane proteins that function as water channels
36
osmotic pressure
force exerted by the solution with the impermeable solute
37
tonicity
measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
38
isotonic solution
any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume
39
hypotonic solution
a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell
40
hemolysis
hypotonic solution causes the RBC to swell and eventually burst
41
lysis
the rupture of other types of cells due to placement in a hypotonic solution
42
hypertonic solution
higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol of the cell
43
crenation
shrinkage of cells because water molecules move out of the cells faster than they enter due to a hypertonic solution
44
active transport
movement of solutes against the concentration gradient requiring energy
45
primary active transport
energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against the concentration gradient
46
pump
carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport
47
Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ ATPase
expels sodium ions from cells and brings potassium ions in
48
secondary active transport
the energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradient
49
vesicular transport
transport in small spherical sacs
50
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol
51
centrosome
located near the nucleus; consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and pericentrolar cylindrical structures
52
Cilia
numerous short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell
53
flagella
short hairlike projections that extend from the surface of a cell; longer than cilia
54
ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis
55
endoplasmic reticulum
network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules
56
rough ER
continuous with the nuclear membrane and usually is folded into a series of flattened sac. Studded with ribosomes; is the site of protein synthesis
57
Smooth ER
extends from rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules- no ribosomes on the surface. Synthesizes fatty acids
58
Golgi Complex
Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from the rough ER - Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid
59
Lysosome
membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi Complex - digest substances via endocytosis - carry out the digestion of worn out organelles - implement autolysis (digestion of an entire cell) - accomplish extracellular digestion
60
Peroxisome
smaller version of a lysosome
61
Proteasome
tiny barrel shaped structures consisting of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core - carry out destruction of unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins
62
mitochondia
powerhouse of the cell - generate most ATP through aerobic respiration
63
nucleus
- control cellular structure - directs cellular activities - produces ribosomes in nuceoli
64
nuclear envelope
double membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm (lipid bilayers)
65
nuclear pores
openings in the nuclear envelope that control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
66
nucleolus
spherical bodies in the nucleus that produce ribosomes
67
gene
hereditary units
68
chromosome
long molecule of DNA coiled with several proteins
69
chromatin
the complex of DNA, proteins and RNA
70
transcription
the genetic info represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence of codons
71
translation
the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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