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Biology 235 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and line hollow organs, body cavities and ducts; also form glands

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2
Q

connective tissue

A

protect and support the body and its organs. bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, help provide the body with immunity to disease- causing organisms

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3
Q

muscular tissue

A

composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. (heats and warms the body)

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4
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials that activate muscular contraction and glandular secretions

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5
Q

cell junction

A

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

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6
Q

tight junction

A

consist of weblike stands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.

location: cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder
- watertight seal!!!!!!!!

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7
Q

adherens junctions

A

contain plaque - a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells
- help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities

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8
Q

Desmosomes

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between the adjacent cell membranes. Attaches to intermediate filaments
location: among cells that make up the epidermis and among cardiac muscle cells

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9
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

resemble desmosomes. They don’t link adjacent cells

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10
Q

Gap Junctions

A

membrane proteins (connexins) form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighbouring cells

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11
Q

Epithelial Tissue/ Epithelium

A

consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in either single or multiple layers

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12
Q

basement membrane

A

a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers: the basal lamina and reticular lamina

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13
Q

basal lamina

A

(lamina = thin layer) is closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains proteins

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14
Q

reticular lamina

A

closer to underlying connective tissue and contains proteins (i.e. collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts)

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15
Q

simple epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells, centrally located nucleus

Function: diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion or absorption

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16
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

a type simple epithelium that appears to have multiple layers of cells because the nuclei lie at different levels.

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17
Q

stratified epithelium

A

consists of two or more layers of cells; cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia
Function: protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

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18
Q

squamous cells

A

thin; allows for rapid passage of substances through them

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19
Q

cuboidal cells

A

shaped like cubes/hexagons; function in secretion or absorption

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20
Q

columnar cells

A

shaped like columns, may have cilia or microvilli at apical surface; protect underlying tissues

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21
Q

transitional cells

A

change shape!!! from squamous to cuboidal and back in organs that stretch to a larger size and the collapse (i.e. urinary bladder)

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22
Q

glandular epithelium

A

function: secretion

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23
Q

gland

A

consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface or into the blood.

24
Q

endocrine gland

A

secretions: hormones enter the bloodstream and are distributed throughout the bloodstream

25
Q

exocrine gland

A

secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium (i.e. skin/lumen of a hollow organ). Secretions have limited effects and some would be harmful if they entered the blood

26
Q

unicellular gland

A

single celled gland

27
Q

multicellular gland

A

composed of many cells i.e. sudoriferous, sebaceous and salivary glands. Categorized to whether their ducts are branched/unbranched and the shape of their secretory portion of the gland

28
Q

simple gland

A

if the duct of a multicellular gland does not branch

29
Q

compound gland

A

if the duct of a multicellular gland does branch

30
Q

tubular gland

A

glands with tubular secretory parts

31
Q

acinar gland

A

glands with rounded secretory parts

32
Q

tubuloacinar gland

A

both tubular and more rounded secretory parts

33
Q

merocrine gland

A

secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attache to rough ER; processed, sorted and packaged y the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. Most exocrine glands of the body are merocrine glands. i.e. pancreas and salivary glands

34
Q

apocrine gland

A

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. That portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The remaining part of the cell repairs itself and repeats the process. i.e. secretion of milk fats in the mammary glands. Apocrine sweat glands undergo merocrine secretion not apocrine

35
Q

holocrine gland

A

accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol. As the cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product. since the cell ruptures, the secretion contains large amounts of lipids from the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. i.e. sebaceous gland of the skin.

36
Q

what does connective tissue consist of?

A

consists of 2 elements: extracellular matrix and cells

37
Q

extracellular matrix

A

material located between a connective tissues’ widely spaced cells. Consists of protein fibres and ground substance

38
Q

connective tissue cells

A

come from embryonic cells called mesenchymal cells

39
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • large, flat cells with branching processes.
  • present in all general connective tissues and are most numerous
  • migrate through connective tissues secreting fibres and certain components of ground substance of the EM
40
Q

cell ending in “blast”

A

bud/sprout

41
Q

macrophage

A
  • develop from monocytes (a type of WBC)

- irregular shape with short branching projections capable of engulfing bacteria and debris by phagocytosis

42
Q

fixed macrophage

A

reside in a particular tissue i.e. splenic macrophages in the spleen

43
Q

wandering macrophage

A

have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis

44
Q

plasma cells

A
  • cells that develop from a type of WBC called a B lymphocyte.
  • secrete antibodies (proteins that attack foreign substances in the body)
  • most reside in connective tissues
45
Q

mast cells

A
  • produce histamine ( a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection)
  • can bind, ingest and kill bacteria
  • abundant alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue
46
Q

Adipocytes

A
  • aka fat cells or adipose cells
  • connective tissue cells that store triglycerides
  • found deep in the skin and around organs
47
Q

WBC

A
  • not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue
  • in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues
48
Q

connective tissue extracellular matrix

A

consists of ground substance and the fibers

49
Q

ground substance

A
  • supports cells, binds them together, stores water and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells
  • plays a role in how tissue develops, migrates, proliferates and changes shape
  • contains water and organic molecules
50
Q

collagen fibres

A
  • very strong to resist pulling forces but are not stiff so they allow for tissue flexibility.
  • often occur in parallel bundles (adds tensile strength)
  • composed of collagen- protein that is most abundant in the body
51
Q

elastic fibre

A
  • smaller in diameter than collagen fibres
  • branch and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective tissue
  • consists of protein elastin
  • can stretch up to 150% of their length without breaking
52
Q

reticular fibres

A

-consists of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues

53
Q

loose connective tissue

A

-fibres are loosely arranged between cells

54
Q

dense connective tissue

A

-contain more fibres that are densely packed but have considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue

55
Q

cartilage

A
  • dense network of collagen fibres and elastic fibres firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate (gel-like component of ground substance)
  • endure more stress than dense and loose connective tissue
  • does NOT have a blood supply

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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