Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
body structures and relationships
Physiology
science of body functions
Chemical Level
- basic level
o Includes atoms and molecules
o C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S are essential to life
o DNA and glucose are common molecules
Cellular Level
molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
o i.e. muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells
Tissue Level
groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a function
o 4 basic types of tissue in the body
• Epithelial Tissue
• Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands
• Connective Tissue
• Connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
• Muscular Tissue
• Contracts to make body parts move and generate heat
• Nervous Tissue
• Carries info from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
Organ Level
different types of tissue joined together
o Organs: structures composed of 2 or more types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes
System Level
• a system consists of related organs with a common function
o i.e. digestive system
Organismal Level
all the parts of the human body functioning together
Integumentary System
Components: skin and associated structures (i.e. hair, fingernails, sweat glands etc)
Functions: protects body, helps regulate temp., eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations
Skeletal Systems
Components: bones, joints and cartilages
Functions: supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
Components: skeletal muscle tissue
Functions: participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous System
Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs (organs i.e. eyes & ears)
Functions: generates action potentials to regulate body activities, detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets change, and responds by causing muscular contractions/ glandular secretions
Endocrine System
Components: hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid etc.) and hormone producing cells
Functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones
Cardiovascular System
Components: blood, heart and blood vessels
Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen to cells and CO2 away from cells, helps regulate pH balance, temperature and water content of body, blood components help defend agains disease and repair damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils) cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells and others)
Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against microbes
Respiratory System
Components: lungs and pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes
Functions: transfers oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out of body, produce sounds through vocal chords
Digestive System
Components: organs of GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines)
Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
Urinary System
Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Functions: produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of RBC
Reproductive System
Components: gonads and other organs (i.e. vagina, mammary glands)
Functions: gonads produce gametes that combine to form a new organism; gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other processes
metabolism
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
catabolism
is a phase of metabolism; the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
anabolism
(other phase of metabolism) is the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Responsiveness
body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
o i.e. increased body temperature, loud noises
o nerve cells respond by generating nerve impulses
o muscle cells respond by contracting
Movement
motion of the whole body, individual structures, single cells, structures inside cells
o i.e. when you walk/run, coordinated action of muscles in the leg moves your whole body
Growth
increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, increase in number of cells or both
Differentiation
development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
o Stem cells: cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
o Each type of cell has a specialized structure and function that differs from that of its precursor (ancestral) cells
• i.e. a single fertilized human egg (ovum) develops into an embryo, then fetus, infant, child and adult
Reproduction
o The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement
o The production of a new individual
Homeostasis
o the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes
Intracellular Fluid
fluid within cells
Extracellular fluid
fluid between cells; ECF between tissues = interstitial fluid (known as the body’s internal environment)
receptor
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center (afferent pathway= toward control center)
control center
sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input it receives from receptors, generates output commands
