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Biology 235 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

function of bone for support

A

skeleton is a structural framework for the body

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2
Q

function of bone for protection

A

the skeleton protects most important internal organs from injury

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3
Q

function of bone for assistance in movement

A

most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement

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4
Q

function of bone for mineral homeostasis (storage and release)

A

bone tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to strength of bone

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5
Q

function of bone for blood cell production

A

within some bones, red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets

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6
Q

red bone marrow

A

a connective tissue within certain bones that produces RBC,WBC and platelets

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7
Q

hemopoiesis

A

process by which red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets

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8
Q

function of bone for triglyceride storage

A

yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells which store triglycerides (chemical energy reserve)

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

bone’s shaft/body

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10
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal ends of the bone

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11
Q

metaphyses

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphyses

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12
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

each metaphysis of a growing bone contains a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

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13
Q

epiphyseal line

A

bony structure that occurs when a bone ceases to grow in length, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

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14
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation (joint) with another bone

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15
Q

periosteum

A

tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

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16
Q

medullary cavity aka marrow cavity

A

a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults

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17
Q

endosteum

A

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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18
Q

bone aka osseous tissue

A

connective tissue with an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells

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19
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide combine to form crystals of hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

calcification

A

initiated by bone building cells (osteoblasts). Mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibres of the extracellular matrix. The mineral salts crystallize and the tissue hardens

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21
Q

osteogenic cells

A

unspecialized bone stem cells. ONLY bone cells to undergo cell division (develop into osteoblasts)

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22
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells; initiate calcification; secrete extracellular matrix and become trapped in it and become osteocytes; DO NOT undergo cell division

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23
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism; DO NOT undergo cell division

24
Q

osteoclasts

A

huge cells derived from the fusion of monocytes; break down extracellular matrix for maintenance and repair of bone

25
compact bone tissue
strongest form of bone tissue; provides protection and support
26
osteon aka Haversian system
repeating structural units in compact bone tissue (circle part on diagram)
27
central (haversian) canal
each osteon consists of concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal
28
concentric lamellae
circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves located in the central canal
29
lacunae
small spaces between the concentric lamellae that contain osteocytes
30
canaliculi
radiate from the lacunae; filled with extracellular fluid; contain osteocytes; connect lacunae with one another and with central canals
31
spongy bone tissue aka trabecular bone tissue aka cancellous bone tissue
DOES NOT contain osteons, always located inside a bone
32
trabeculae
thin columns arranged in irregular pattern in spongy bone tissue
33
nutrient foramen
hole in compact bone that the nutrient artery passes through
34
nutrient artery
near the centre of the diaphyses passes the nutrient artery
35
nutrient veins
one or 2 nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis
36
ossification aka osteogenesis
process by which bone is formed
37
intramembranous ossification
bone forms directly within mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes
38
endochondral ossification
bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
39
4 steps of intramembranous ossification
Development of ossification centre; calcification; formation of trabeculae; development of periosteum
40
6 steps of endochondral ossification
- Development of cartilage model - Growth of cartilage model - Development of primary ossification centre - Development of medullary cavity - Development of secondary ossification centre - Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
41
4 zones of growing bone
Zone of resting cartilage; zone of proliferating cartilage; zone of hypertrophic cartilage; zone of calcified cartilage
42
bone resorption
the removal of minerals and collagen fibres from bone by osteoclasts
43
bone deposition
the addition of minerals and collagen fibres to bone by osteoblasts
44
bone growth in thickness
- Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel - Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel - Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward the centre of the tunnel forming a new osteon - Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats
45
fracture
any break in a bone
46
Repair of Bone Fracture
Formation of fracture hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, Bony callus formation, Bone remodeling
47
fracture hematoma
mass of blood that forms around the site of a fracture
48
fibrocartilaginous callus
a mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibres and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of the bone
49
bony callus
Trabecular join living and dead portions of the original bone fragments. Fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone and then the callus is called a bony callus
50
bone remodeling
dead portions of the original fragments of broken bone are gradually resorbed by osteoclasts. Compact bone replaces spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture
51
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium levels
52
calcitriol
hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the GI tract into the blood therefore increasing blood calcium levels
53
calcitonin
secreted by thyroid gland ; inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone and accelerates blood calcium deposition into bones
54
osteoporosis
a condition of porous bone
55
osteoarthritis
degeneration of articular cartilage such that the bony ends touch
56
osteomyelitis
an infection of bone characterized by high fever, sweating, chills, pain, nausea, pus formation, deem and worth over the affected bone and rigid overlying muscles

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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