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Biology 235 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of bone for support

A

skeleton is a structural framework for the body

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2
Q

function of bone for protection

A

the skeleton protects most important internal organs from injury

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3
Q

function of bone for assistance in movement

A

most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement

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4
Q

function of bone for mineral homeostasis (storage and release)

A

bone tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to strength of bone

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5
Q

function of bone for blood cell production

A

within some bones, red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets

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6
Q

red bone marrow

A

a connective tissue within certain bones that produces RBC,WBC and platelets

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7
Q

hemopoiesis

A

process by which red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets

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8
Q

function of bone for triglyceride storage

A

yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells which store triglycerides (chemical energy reserve)

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

bone’s shaft/body

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10
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal ends of the bone

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11
Q

metaphyses

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphyses

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12
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

each metaphysis of a growing bone contains a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

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13
Q

epiphyseal line

A

bony structure that occurs when a bone ceases to grow in length, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

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14
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation (joint) with another bone

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15
Q

periosteum

A

tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

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16
Q

medullary cavity aka marrow cavity

A

a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults

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17
Q

endosteum

A

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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18
Q

bone aka osseous tissue

A

connective tissue with an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells

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19
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide combine to form crystals of hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

calcification

A

initiated by bone building cells (osteoblasts). Mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibres of the extracellular matrix. The mineral salts crystallize and the tissue hardens

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21
Q

osteogenic cells

A

unspecialized bone stem cells. ONLY bone cells to undergo cell division (develop into osteoblasts)

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22
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells; initiate calcification; secrete extracellular matrix and become trapped in it and become osteocytes; DO NOT undergo cell division

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23
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism; DO NOT undergo cell division

24
Q

osteoclasts

A

huge cells derived from the fusion of monocytes; break down extracellular matrix for maintenance and repair of bone

25
Q

compact bone tissue

A

strongest form of bone tissue; provides protection and support

26
Q

osteon aka Haversian system

A

repeating structural units in compact bone tissue (circle part on diagram)

27
Q

central (haversian) canal

A

each osteon consists of concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal

28
Q

concentric lamellae

A

circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves located in the central canal

29
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces between the concentric lamellae that contain osteocytes

30
Q

canaliculi

A

radiate from the lacunae; filled with extracellular fluid; contain osteocytes; connect lacunae with one another and with central canals

31
Q

spongy bone tissue aka trabecular bone tissue aka cancellous bone tissue

A

DOES NOT contain osteons, always located inside a bone

32
Q

trabeculae

A

thin columns arranged in irregular pattern in spongy bone tissue

33
Q

nutrient foramen

A

hole in compact bone that the nutrient artery passes through

34
Q

nutrient artery

A

near the centre of the diaphyses passes the nutrient artery

35
Q

nutrient veins

A

one or 2 nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis

36
Q

ossification aka osteogenesis

A

process by which bone is formed

37
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone forms directly within mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes

38
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme

39
Q

4 steps of intramembranous ossification

A

Development of ossification centre; calcification; formation of trabeculae; development of periosteum

40
Q

6 steps of endochondral ossification

A
  • Development of cartilage model
  • Growth of cartilage model
  • Development of primary ossification centre
  • Development of medullary cavity
  • Development of secondary ossification centre
  • Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
41
Q

4 zones of growing bone

A

Zone of resting cartilage; zone of proliferating cartilage; zone of hypertrophic cartilage; zone of calcified cartilage

42
Q

bone resorption

A

the removal of minerals and collagen fibres from bone by osteoclasts

43
Q

bone deposition

A

the addition of minerals and collagen fibres to bone by osteoblasts

44
Q

bone growth in thickness

A
  • Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
  • Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel
  • Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward the centre of the tunnel forming a new osteon
  • Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats
45
Q

fracture

A

any break in a bone

46
Q

Repair of Bone Fracture

A

Formation of fracture hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, Bony callus formation, Bone remodeling

47
Q

fracture hematoma

A

mass of blood that forms around the site of a fracture

48
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus

A

a mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibres and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of the bone

49
Q

bony callus

A

Trabecular join living and dead portions of the original bone fragments. Fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone and then the callus is called a bony callus

50
Q

bone remodeling

A

dead portions of the original fragments of broken bone are gradually resorbed by osteoclasts. Compact bone replaces spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture

51
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium levels

52
Q

calcitriol

A

hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the GI tract into the blood therefore increasing blood calcium levels

53
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by thyroid gland ; inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone and accelerates blood calcium deposition into bones

54
Q

osteoporosis

A

a condition of porous bone

55
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degeneration of articular cartilage such that the bony ends touch

56
Q

osteomyelitis

A

an infection of bone characterized by high fever, sweating, chills, pain, nausea, pus formation, deem and worth over the affected bone and rigid overlying muscles

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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