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Biology 235 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

meninges

A

3 protective connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain; dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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2
Q

dura mater

A

superficial layer of meninges; thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue;

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3
Q

epidural space

A

a space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal

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4
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of meninges; thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres

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5
Q

subdural space

A

space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater that contains interstitial fluid

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6
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of meninges; thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of spinal cord and brain; blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord

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7
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

external anatomy of spinal cord

A

oval in shape; flattened slightly anteriorly and posteriorly;

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9
Q

cervical enlargement

A

superior enlargement of the spinal cord; extends from fourth cervical vertebra (C4) to first thoracic vertebra (T1)

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10
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

inferior enlargement of the spinal cord; extends from the 9th to 12th thoracic vertebra

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11
Q

conus medullaris

A

the spinal cord terminates inferior to the lumbar enlargement as a tapering, conical structure called the conus medullaris

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12
Q

filum terminale

A

arises from the conus medullaris; an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and uses with the arachnoid mater and dura mater and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

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13
Q

spinal nerves

A

paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body

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14
Q

posterior (dorsal) root

A

contain only sensory axons, which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs into the CNS

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15
Q

posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

A

swelling on each posterior root which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

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16
Q

anterior (ventral) root

A

contain axons of motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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17
Q

cauda equina

A

roots of lower spinal nerves that angle inferiorly alongside the film terminal in the vertebral column like wisps of hair

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18
Q

internal anatomy of the spinal cord

A

regions of white matter surround an inner core of gray matter

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19
Q

anterior median fissure

A

wide groove on the anterior (ventral) side of the spinal cord

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20
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

narrow furrow on the posterior (dorsal) side

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21
Q

grey commisure

A

the grey matter of the spinal cord is shaped like the letter H; it consists of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia. The grey commissure forms the cross bar of the H

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22
Q

central canal

A

space in the centre of the grey commissure that extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord

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24
Q

posterior (dorsal) gray horns

A

contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

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25
Q

anterior (ventral) gray horns

A

contains somatic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles)

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26
Q

lateral gray horns

A

between the posterior and anterior gray horns; only present in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord; contain autonomic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands)

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27
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons having a common origin or destination and carrying similar info may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord

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28
Q

sensory (ascending) tracts

A

consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain

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29
Q

motor (descending) tracts

A

consists of axons that carry nerve impulses from the brain

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30
Q

roots

A

connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord

31
Q

rootlets

A

even smaller bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord

32
Q

mixed nerve

A

a spinal nerve; called this because the posterior root contains sensory axons and the anterior root contains motor axons

33
Q

connective tissue coverings of spinal nerves

A

each spinal and cranial nerve contains layers of protective connective tissue coverings

34
Q

endoneurium

A

the innermost layer of connective tissue covering of the axon of a myelinated or unmyelinated nerve

35
Q

fascicle

A

groups of axons with their endoneurium are held together in bundles called fascicles

36
Q

perineurium

A

middle layer of connective tissue covering of nerves; wraps each fascicle

37
Q

epineurium

A

outermost covering over the entire nerve

38
Q

rami

A

branches that spinal nerves divide into after passing through its invertebrate foramen

39
Q

plexus

A

networks of axons

40
Q

cervical plexus

A

formed by the roots of the first 4 cervical nerves (C1-C4); one on each side of the neck; supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and superior part of the shoulders and chest

41
Q

brachial plexus

A

formed by the roots of spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1.

42
Q

lumbar plexus

A

formed by roots of spinal nerves L1-L4; supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower limbs

43
Q

sacral plexus

A

formed by spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S4; supplies buttocks, perineum and lower limbs; largest nerve in the body (sciatic nerve) arises from the sacral plexus

44
Q

dermatome

A

the area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve; allows us to pin point where nerve damage occurred, if the skin in a region is stimulated but it is not felt, then the nerves supplying that dermatome are probably damaged.

45
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

conveys nerve impulses for sensing pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, deep pressure and crude touch

46
Q

direct pathway

A

convey nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, i.e. lateral corticospinal, anterior cortiocspinal and corticobulbar

47
Q

indirect pathway

A

convey nerve impulses from the brain stem to cause automatic movements and help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli; maintain skeletal muscle tone, sustain contraction of postural muscles and play a major role in equilibrium by regulating muscle tone in response to movements of the head

48
Q

reflex

A

a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus

49
Q

spinal reflex

A

a reflex when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter; i.e. patellar reflex

50
Q

cranial reflex

A

a reflex when integration occurs in the brain stem; i.e. tracking the movements of your eyes as you read a sentence

51
Q

somatic reflexes

A

perceived consciously; involve contraction of skeletal muscles

52
Q

autonomic (visceral) reflexes

A

not consciously perceived; involve responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

53
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

54
Q

sensory receptor

A

the distal end of a sensory neuron (dendrite) that responds to a stimulus by producing a graded potential

55
Q

stimulus

A

a change in the internal or external environment

56
Q

sensory neuron

A

the nerve impulses propagate from the sensory receptor along the axon of the sensory neuron to the axon terminals; which are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brains stem

57
Q

integrating centre

A

one or more regions of gray matter within the CNS act as an integrating centre; a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

58
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

a reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS

59
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

a reflex pathway involving more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse

60
Q

motor neuron

A

impulses triggered by the integrating centre propagate out of the CNS along a motor neuron to the part of the body that will respond

61
Q

effector

A

the part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse; its action is called a reflex

62
Q

stretch reflex

A

causes contraction of a skeletal muscles in response to stretching of the muscle

63
Q

muscle spindle

A

sensory receptors in muscle that are stimulated by slight stretching

64
Q

ipsilateral reflex

A

when sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which motor nerve impulses leave it; all monosynaptic reflexes are ipsilateral

65
Q

muscle tone

A

the small degree of contraction present while the muscle is at rest

66
Q

reciprocal innervation

A

when the stretched muscle contracts during a stretch reflex, antagonistic muscles that oppose the contraction relax; the components of a neural circuit simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist; prevents conflict between opposing muscles

67
Q

tendon reflex

A

controls muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn; less sensitive than stretch reflex; can override the stretch reflex when tension is great; ipsilateral

68
Q

tendon (Golgi tendon) organs

A

the sensory receptor for a tendon reflex

69
Q

flexor or withdrawal reflex

A

in response to painful stimulus; polysynaptic reflex; ipsilateral

70
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

help maintain balance; i.e when you step on a tack then your body weight shifts to the other foot

71
Q

contralateral reflex arc

A

sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite sides

72
Q

shingles

A

an acute infection of the peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster (the virus that also causes chicken pox)

73
Q

poliomyelitis

A

caused by a virus called poliovirus; invades neurons in vital enters that control breathing and heart function in the brain stem

74
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges due to an infection, usually caused by a bacterium or virus

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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