Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 235 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations; primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sensory modality

A

each unique type of sensation i.e. touch, pain, vision or hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

general senses

A

refers to both somatic and visceral senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

somatic senses

A

includes tactile senses (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle), thermal sensations (warm and cold), pain sensations and proprioceptive sensations (perception of static and moving positions of the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

visceral senses

A

provide info about conditions within internal organs (i.e. pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger and temperature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

special senses

A

include the sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium/balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

process of sensation (4 steps)

A
  1. Stimulation of a sensory receptor
  2. Transduction of the stimulus (converts energy into a stimulus into a graded potential)
  3. Generation of nerve impulses
  4. Integration of sensory input
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 ways to classify sensory receptors

A
  1. microscopic structure
  2. location of the receptors and origin of stimuli that activate them
  3. type of stimulus detected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 classifications based on microscopic structure

A
  1. free nerve endings of first order sensory neurons
  2. encapsulated nerve endings of first order sensory neurons
  3. separate cells that synapse with first order sensory neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites; lack any structural specializations that can be seen under a microscope; i.e. pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule ; a distinctive microscopic structure; i.e. somatic and visceral sensations (pressure, vibration and some touch sensations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

separate cells

A

synapse with sensory neurons; i.e. hair cells for hearing and equilibrium in the inner ear; gustatory receptor cells in taste buds and photoreceptors in the retina in the eye for vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

generator potential

A

a potential created by stimulation of dendrites of free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and receptive part of olfactory receptors; if the potential is big enough to reach threshold, it triggers one or more nerve impulses in the axon of a first order sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

receptor potential

A

produced by sensory receptors that are separate cells; the potential triggers release of NT through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 classifications based on location

A

Exteroceptors, Interoceptors and Proprioceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exteroceptors

A

located at or near the external surface of the body; sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body; provide info about external environment; i.e. hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, pain etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

interoceptors/ visceroceptors

A

located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and nervous system; monitor conditions of internal environment; nerve impulses produced by interoceptors are not consciously received unless strong stimuli (can be felt as pain or pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

proprioceptors

A

located in muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear; provide info about body position, muscle length and tension and the position and movement of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

6 classifications based on type of stimulus detected

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical stimuli; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception and hearing and equilibrium; monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue; free nerve endings; found in every tissue of the body except the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
chemoreceptors
detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell) and body fluids
26
osmoreceptors
sense osmotic pressure of body fluids
27
rapidly adapting receptors/ phasic receptor
adapt very quickly; specialized for signaling changes in a stimulus; i.e. receptors associated with pressure, touch, and smell
28
slowly adapting receptors/ tonic receptor
adapt slowly; continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as the stimulus persists; monitor stimuli associated with pain, body position and chemical composition of the blood
29
tactile sensations
include touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle
30
touch
result from stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer
31
Meissner Corpuscles
rapidly adapting touch receptor; located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin; consists of egg shaped mass of dendrites enclosed by a capsule of connective tissue; abundant in fingertips, hands, eyelids, tip of the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, clitoris and tip of the penis
32
hair root plexuses
rapidly adapting touch receptors; found in hairy skin; consist of free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles; detect movements on the skin that disturb hairs
33
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor or Merkel disc
slowly adapting touch receptor; saucer shaped, flattened free nerve endings that make contact with Merkel cells of the stratum basale; plentiful in fingertips, hands, lips and external genitalia
34
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor or Ruffini corpuscle
slowly adapting touch receptor; elongated, encapsulated receptors; located deep in the dermis and in ligaments and tendons; found in hands, abundant in soles; most sensitive to stretching that occurs when digits or limbs are moved
35
pressure
sustained sensation felt over a larger area than touch; occurs with a deformation of deeper tissues; receptors: meissner corpuscles, merkel discs and pacinian corpuscles
36
lamellated or Pacinian corpuscle
rapidly adapting receptor; large oval structure composed of a multilayered connective tissue capsule that encloses a dendrite; found in dermis and subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues that underlie mucous and serous membranes, around joints, tendons and muscles, in the periosteum, mammary glands, external genitalia, certain viscera (i.e. pancreas and urinary bladder)
37
vibration
result from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors; receptors: meissner corpuscles (detect lower frequency vibrations), pacinian corpuscles (detect higher frequency vibrations)
38
itch
sensation resulting from stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals (i.e. bradykinin or antigens in mosquito saliva)
39
tickle
arises only when someone else touches you
40
phantom limb sensation
patients who have had a limb amputated may still experience sensation such as itching, pressure, tingling or pain as if the limb were still there; severed nerve endings of sensory axons are still present in the remaining stump, if these are activated, the cerebral cortex interprets the sensations as coming from sensory receptors in the non existing limb
41
cold receptors
rapidly adapting receptor; located in the stratum basale of the epidermis; temperatures between 10 and 40 degrees celsius
42
warm receptors
rapidly adapting receptor; not as abundant as cold receptors; located in dermis; activated by temperatures between 32 and 48 degrees celsius
43
2 types of pain
fast pain and slow pain
44
fast pain
peception occurs very rapidly; occurs within 0.1 of a second after stimulus is applied; aka acute, sharp or prickling pain; not felt in deeper tissues of the body
45
slow pain
perception is slow; occurs a second or more after the stimulus is applied; gradually increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes; aka chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain; can occur in both the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs
46
superficial somatic pain
pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin
47
deep somatic pain
pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons and fascia
48
visceral pain
results from stimulation of nociceptors in visceral organs
49
localization of pain
fast pain is precisely localized to the stimulated area; somatic slow pain is well localized but more diffuse (involves larger areas)
50
referred pain
in many instances of visceral pain, the pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ, or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ
51
kinesthesia
perception of body movement
52
proprioceptor
embedded in muscles and tendons; inform us of the degree to which muscles are contracted, the amount of tension in tendons and the positions of joints
53
muscle spindle
proprioceptors in skeletal muscles that monitor changes in length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes; consists of several slowly adapting sensory nerve endings wrapped around 3-10 specialized muscle fibres
54
intrafusal muscle fibres
specialized muscle fibres
55
gamma motor neurons
motor neurons contained within muscle spindles
56
extrafusal muscle fibres
skeletal muscle fibres surrounding muscle spindles
57
alpha motor neurons
large diamter A fibres that supply extrafusal muscle fibres
58
tendon organ
located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle
59
joint kinesthetic receptor
present within and around the articular capsules of synovial joints; receptors: free nerve endings, Pacinian Corpuscles, tendon organs and Ruffini Corpuscles; function: joint position and movement; rapid adapting
60
somatic sensory pathways
relay info from the somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum
61
first order neurons
conduct impulses from somatic receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord;
62
second order neurons
conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus
63
third order neurons
conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side
64
posterior column—medial lemniscus pathway to the cortex
The name of the pathway comes from the names of two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the posterior column of the spinal cord and the medial lemniscus of the brain stem
65
anterolateral or spinothalamic pathways to the cortex
Nerve impulses for pain, temperature, itch, and tickle from the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head ascend to the cerebral cortex
66
upper motor neuron
synapse with local circuit neurons, which in turn synapse with lower motor neurons; voluntary movements of the body; originate motor centres of the brain stem; page 620 diagram
67
lower motor neuron
receive input directly from local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex; page 620 diagram
68
primary motor area
located in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex; major control region for the execution of voluntary movements
69
direct motor pathways or pyramidal pathways
provide input to lower motor neurons via axons that extend directly from the cerebral cortex; page 624
70
indirect motor pathways or extrapyramidal pathways
provide input to lower motor neurons from motor centres in the basal nuclei, cerebellum and cerebral cortex page 624
71
roles of the basal nuclei with regard to movement
initiation and termination of movements; suppress unwanted movements by their inhibitory effects on the thalamus and superior colliculus; influence muscle tone; influence many aspects of cortical function (sensory, limbic, cognitive and linguistic function)
72
roles of the cerebellum with regard to movement
monitoring intentions for movement; monitoring actual movement; comparing command signals with sensory information; sending out corrective feedback
73
circadian rhythm
24 hour sleep and wake cycle for humans; established by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
74
reticular activating system (RAS)
When this area is active, many nerve impulses are transmitted to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex, both directly and via the thalamus. The effect is a generalized increase in cortical activity.
75
arousal
awakening from sleep; involves increased activity in the RAS; RAS must be stimulated (by nociceptors, touch and pressure on the skin, movements of the limbs, bright light, sound)
76
consciousness
a state of wakefulness that is the result of arousal
77
sleep
state of altered consciousness/ partial unconsciousness from which an individual can be aroused; consists of NREM sleep (non rapid eye movement) and REM sleep
78
4 stages of NREM sleep
non rapid eye movement; 1. transition stage between wakefulness and sleep (lasts between 1-7 mins) 2. light sleep (fragments of dreams, more difficult to awaken) 3. moderately deep sleep (body temp and blood pressure decrease; difficult to awaken; occurs 20 mins after falling asleep) 4. deep sleep (brain metabolism decreases significantly; if sleep walking occurs, it's during this stage)
79
REM sleep
rapid eye movements; 3-5 episodes of REM sleep per 7-8 hour sleep
80
learning
ability to acquire new info or skills through instruction or experience
81
memory
process by which info acquired through learning is stored and retrieved
82
plasticity
capability for change associated with learning
83
immediate memory
ability to recall ongoing experiences for a few seconds
84
short term memory (STM)
temporary ability to recall a few pieces of info for seconds to minutes; can be transferred to LTM
85
LTM
lasts days to years; more permanent memory; can be retrieved for use when needed
86
memory consolidation
reinforcement that results from the frequent retrieval of a piece of info
87
long term potentiation (LTP)
transmission at some synapses within the hippocampus is en- hanced (potentiated) for hours or weeks after a brief period of high-frequency stimulation
88
Parkinson Disease
progressive disorder of the CNS that typically affects its victims around the age 60
89
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
motor disorder that results in the loss of muscle control and coordination; caused by damage of the motor areas of the brain during fetal life, birth or infancy
90
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep; causes: stress, excessive caffeine, disruption of circadian rhythms and depression
91
narcolepsy
condition in which REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking periods resulting in involuntary periods of sleep that last about 15 mins throughout the day
92
sleep apnea
disorder where a person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 or more seconds while sleeping; cause: loss of muscle tone in pharyngeal muscles allows the airway to collapse

Biology 235 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions