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Biology 235 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 major elements of the body

A

O, C, H, N

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2
Q

8 lesser elements of the body

A

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe

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3
Q

isotope

A

atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

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4
Q

Ion

A

an atom that has a positive or negative charge because of unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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5
Q

molecule

A

when two or more atoms share electrons

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6
Q

compound

A

a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

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7
Q

free radical

A

an atom or group of atoms with an paired electron in the outermost shell

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8
Q

valence shell of electrons

A

outermost shell of electrons

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9
Q

ionic bond

A

the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

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10
Q

cation

A

ion with a positive charge

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11
Q

anion

A

ion with a negative charge

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12
Q

electrolyte

A

an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution

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13
Q

covalent bond

A

two or more atoms share electrons

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14
Q

polar

A

the sharing of electrons is unequal - one atom attracts the electrons more strongly than the other

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15
Q

nonpolar

A

the sharing of electrons is equal

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16
Q

hydrogen bond

A

forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighbouring electronegative atoms (F/O/N)

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17
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

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18
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions occurring in the body

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19
Q

catalyst

A

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

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20
Q

anabolism/ synthesis reaction

A

when two or more atoms, ions or molecules combine to form two new and larger molecules
A + B = AB

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21
Q

catabolism/ decomposition reaction

A

split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules
AB = A + B

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22
Q

exchange reaction

A

AB + CD = AD + BC

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23
Q

reversible reaction

A

the products can revert to the original reactants (indicated by two half arrows pointing in opposite directions) - sometimes reversible only under certain conditions
AB = A + B

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24
Q

inorganic compound

A

usually lack a carbon and are structurally simple. Can contain ionic and covalent bonds

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25
Q

organic compounds

A

always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and always have covalent bonds

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26
Q

water

A

most abundance inorganic compound in all living systems

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27
Q

water as a solvent

A

versatile solvent because its polar covalent bonds, in which electrons are shared unequally, create positive and negative regions.

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28
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving (dissolve easily)

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29
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing ( not very water soluble)

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30
Q

hydrolysis

A

decomposition reactions break down large molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of a water molecule

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31
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

when two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule where water is a product

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32
Q

heat capacity of water

A

high heat capacity - water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature

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33
Q

water as a lubricant

A

water is a major component of mucus and lubricating fluids

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34
Q

mixture

A

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

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35
Q

solution

A

combination of elements that are bound by chemical bonds

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36
Q

solvent

A

dissolves another substance

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37
Q

solute

A

dissolves in another substance

38
Q

acid

A

dissociates not one or more hydrogen ions

39
Q

base

A

dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH)

40
Q

salt

A

dissociates into cations and anions (not H or OH)

41
Q

acid base balance

A

there is an optimum pH level for interstitial fluid that needs to be maintained for optimal functioning (7.35-7.45)

42
Q

pH scale

A

solution’s acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the pH scale

43
Q

acidic solution

A

pH < 7

44
Q

basic/ alkaline solution

A

pH > 7

45
Q

buffer system

A

function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases (which change pH less drastically)

46
Q

carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

A

carbonic acid acts as a weak acid and bicarbonate ion acts as a weak base. This system can compensate for either excess or shortage of H+ ions.

47
Q

carbohydrate

A

sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose

48
Q

monosaccharide

A

monomer of carbohydrate - contains 3-7 carbon atoms

49
Q

disaccharide

A

molecule formed from combo of 2 monosaccharides

50
Q

polysaccharides

A

contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

51
Q

glycogen

A

main polysaccharide in the body- made entirely of glucose monomers linked together in branching chains

52
Q

lipid

A

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

53
Q

lipoproteins

A

lipid molecules join with hydrophilic protein molecules (to become more soluble in blood)

54
Q

fatty acid

A

simplest lipid - used to synthesize triglycerides or catabolized to generate ATP

55
Q

triglyceride

A

most plentiful lipid in the body- consists of a single glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

56
Q

glycerol

A

3 carbon glycerol forms the backbone of a triglyceride

57
Q

phospholipid

A

glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid chains attached to the first 2 carbons, form many membranes

58
Q

steroid

A

4 rings of carbon atoms

59
Q

elcosanoids

A

lipids derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid

60
Q

prostaglandins

A

subclass of elcosanoid - modify responses to hormones, contribute to inflammatory response, prevent stomach ulcers

61
Q

leukotrienes

A

subclass of elcosanoid - participate in allergic and inflammatory response

62
Q

protein

A

large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen - largely responsible for the structure of body tissue

63
Q

structural function of proteins

A

form structural framework of various parts of body i.e. collagen in bone and other connective tissue

64
Q

regulatory function of proteins

A

function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system

65
Q

contractile function of proteins

A

allow shortening of muscle cells which produces movement i.e. actin and myosin

66
Q

immunological function of proteins

A

aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens

67
Q

transport function of proteins

A

carry vital substances throughout body

68
Q

catalytic function of protein

A

act as enzymes that replace biochemical reactions i.e. salivary amylase

69
Q

amino acid

A

monomers of proteins

70
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids

71
Q

dipeptide

A

2 amino acids combined

72
Q

tripeptide

A

3 amino acids combined

73
Q

polypeptide

A

4+ amino acids combined

74
Q

primary structure

A

unique sequence of amino acids that are linked by covalent bonds to form a polypeptide chain

75
Q

secondary structure

A

repeated twisting or folding of neighbouring amino acids in the polypeptide chain

76
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape of a polypeptide chain determines how it will function

77
Q

quaternary structure

A

the arrangement of the individual polypeptide chains relative to one another

78
Q

denaturation

A

if a protein encounters an altered environment it may unravel and lose its characteristic shape

79
Q

DNA

A

forms inherited genetic material inside each human cell

80
Q

RNA

A

relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

81
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acid

82
Q

nitrogenous base

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

83
Q

deoxyribose

A

5C sugar attaches to each base in DNA

84
Q

double helix

A

DNA resembles a spiral ladder

85
Q

ribose

A

5C sugar attaches to each base in RNA

86
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of all living things - 3 phosphate groups attached to adenosine

87
Q

ADP

A

removal of the third phosphate group from ATP

88
Q

enzyme

A

highly specific, very efficient and subject to a variety of cellular controls

89
Q

substrate

A

reactant molecule on which the enzyme acts

90
Q

active site

A

the place on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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