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Animal Behavior > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is PERMANENT CHANGE in behavior as result of experience? (results in adaptive changes in behavior that ____________?
a) habituation
b) environmental stimulus
c) learning; enhances fitness
d) fixed world

A

a) Learning; enhances fitness

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2
Q

what species improves in foraging efficiency with experience?

A

Salamanders

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3
Q

What individuals rapidly learned to capture prey?

A

Salamanders

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4
Q

Which of the following has a Habitat A (50% probability for high fitness) and Habitat B (50% probability for high fitness)?
a) fixed world
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) stimulus

A

Dynamic

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5
Q

Which of the following has HABITAT a (100% probability for high fitness) and Habitat b (0% probability for high fitness)?
a) fixed world
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) stimulus

A

Fixed world

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6
Q

Things are changing rapidly therefore you wont have the opportunity to do it again causing you to never have to learn the behavior this is an example of what?
a) fixed world
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) stimulus

A

Dynamic world (come back if you dont understand)

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7
Q

In this the environment never changes therefore you never need to learn any new behavior?
a) fixed world
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) stimulus

A

Fixed world (come back if you dont understand)

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8
Q

Reduction/ lack to stimulus over time (simplest form; needed to filter stimuli) this is called?
a) environmental stimulus
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Habituation

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9
Q

Anything in the environment (abiotic or biotic) that an individual can perceive is called?
a) environmental stimulus
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Environmental stimulus

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10
Q

reaction to a stimulus is called?
a) environmental stimulus
b) response
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Response

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11
Q

Fiddler crabs have a reduction and then lack of response to nonthreatening human observation this is an example of?
a) environmental stimulus
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Habituation

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12
Q

Changes is what cause learning occur? or changes in …
a) neurotransmitters
b) number of synapses
c) imprinting
d) Habituation
e) a and b
f) a and c

A

Neurotransmitters
Number of synapses

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13
Q

Rapid learning in young animals during a SHORT INTENSIVE PERIOD; has long lasting effects this is called?
a) environmental stimulus
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Imprinting

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14
Q

what technique is used to help endangered species need to learn migration routes?
a) environmental stimulus
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Imprinting

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15
Q

Train whooping cranes to follow human flying an ultralight aircraft to learn natural/ migration routes. Which of the following is this an example of…
a) environmental stimulus
b) dynamic
c) imprinting
d) Habituation

A

Imprinting

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16
Q

How can you determine imprinting is occurring?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) GLUTAMATE
d) both GABA and Glutamate

A

neurotransmitters

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17
Q

which neurotransmitters are playing a role in chicks due to determine imprinting?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) GLUTAMATE
d) both GABA and Glutamate

A

Glutamate and GABA

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18
Q

Retention of learned experience is called?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) GLUTAMATE
d) Memory

A

Memory

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19
Q

Structural changes in brain and the number of synapses between neurons is called?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) GLUTAMATE
d) neural plasticity

A

Neural plasticity

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20
Q

Small protuberances on a dendrite that receive synaptic inputs are called?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) GLUTAMATE
d) dendritic spines

A

dendritic spines

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21
Q

Mice that learned running on rotorod had higher levels of what?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) GLUTAMATE
d) dendritic spines formation

A

dendritic spine formation

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22
Q

The formation of new dendritic spines associated with learning was…

A

Temporary

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23
Q

cache means

A

store

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24
Q

What allows caching behavior in avian?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) Hippocampus formation
d) dendritic spines

A

Hippocampus formation/hippocampus

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25
Q

spacial memory in avian birds is associated with?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) GABA
c) Hippocampus formation
d) dendritic spines

A

Hippocampus/Hippocampal formation

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26
Q

Association between environmental stimulus and behavioral response is called?
a) classical conditioning
b) fitness
c) negative reinforcement
d) stimulus response association

A

Stimulus- response association

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27
Q

learning new associations between stimulus and INNATE/ UNLEARNED is called (novel stimulus alone will elicit same response as existing stimulus)
a) classical conditioning
b) fitness
c) negative reinforcement
d) stimulus response association

A

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

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28
Q

Explain pavlovs dogs

A

food = salivation ——>
bell = no response ——->
bell + food = salivation ——->
bell (no food) = salivation

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29
Q

Adults trained to learn that mating could occur in the conditioned stimulus cage type (CS+) but not in the other cage type (CS-) this is an example of what?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
b) fitness
c) negative reinforcement
d) stimulus response association

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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30
Q

Adults trained to learn that mating could occur in the conditioned stimulus cage type (CS+) but not in the other cage type (CS-) what would this increase?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
b) fitness
c) negative reinforcement
d) stimulus response association

A

fitness (reproductive success)

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31
Q

Fish exposed to cocktail + chemical alarm performed __________ than controls exposed to novel odor

A

less feeding behavior

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32
Q

How did fish learn associations between fish to determine if they were predators?

A

Odor and chemical alarms

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33
Q

Who developed operant conditioning?

A

skinner

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34
Q

Animal learns to associate LEARNED behavior with response and response to stimulus is reinforced by reward or punishment is called?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) classical conditioning
d) stimulus response association

A

Operant conditioning

35
Q

Behavior increase when stimulus presented (food) is called?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
b) positive reinforcement
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement

A

positive reinforcement

36
Q

Behavior increases when stimulus removed (pain) is called?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
b) positive reinforcement
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement

A

Negative reinforcement

37
Q

Behavior decrease when stimulus presented is called?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
b) positive reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative reinforcement

A

positive punishment

38
Q

Behavior decreases when stimulus removed is called?
a) negative punishment
b) positive reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative reinforcement

A

negative punishment

39
Q

Giving a child dessert for eating her vegetables is an example of?
a) negative punishment
b) positive reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement

40
Q

allowing a child to leave the table for finishing her vegetables is an example of?
a) negative punishment
b) positive reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative reinforcement

A

negative reinforcement

41
Q

scolding a child for disrupting class is an example of?
a) negative punishment
b) positive reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative reinforcement

A

positive punishment

42
Q

Putting a child in time out or making her miss recess for disrupting class is an example of?
a) negative punishment
b) positive reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative reinforcement

A

Negative punishment

43
Q

behavior changes bit by bit as animal makes progress is called?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement

A

Trial-and-error learning (operant conditioning)

44
Q

Graphical representation of change in learning over time (decline in errors over time) is example of…
Example) HUMAN BABY WALKING
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

Learning curve (operant conditioning)

45
Q

Blue flowers have nectar, change the flowers to yellow and teaching bees that yellow flowers have nectar this is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

trial and error learning

46
Q

Teaching macaques (moneys) you get more by choosing less some to longer to learn but eventually learned this is an example of (some learned quicker than others)?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

Learning curves

47
Q

faster learning colonies of bees (learning yellow flowers have nectar) deliver more food colony which enhanced survivorship this is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

trial and error learning

48
Q

using others as source of information for learning is called?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

social learning

49
Q

baboons use rock to crack nut and child watching (child learned to crack nut) is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

social learning

50
Q

prairie dogs learn anti-predator behavior from adults is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

social learning

51
Q

individuals trained with adult showed higher level of anti-predator behavior which in turn had higher survivorship is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) classical conditioning
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

social learning

52
Q

Using information from behavior of other individuals (INACTIVE) participation of demonstrator is called?
a) Trial and error learning
b) social learning
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

Social information

53
Q

Directing individuals focus to particular part of the environment by presence of another is called?
a) Trial and error learning
b) local information
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) Learning curve

A

Local enhancement

54
Q

Information obtained from activity or performance of others about the quality of an environmental resource is called?
a) Trial and error learning
b) local information
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

Public information

55
Q

A bunch of penguins bunched up in a group (no purpose) and one viewing it and then later joins is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

Local Enhancement

56
Q

Squirrels digging for food one views (has purpose trying to find food) one is viewing the activity and joins is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

Public information

57
Q

Focal fish spent more time at patch with more demonstrators is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

local enhancement

58
Q

focal fish preferred less demonstrators is an example of?
a) Trial and error learning
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

Public information

59
Q

ACTIVE participation of experienced individual in facilitating learning by naive individual is called?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

Teaching

60
Q

1) Teaching modifies behavior ONLY IN PRESENCE of pupil
2) Behavior is COSTLY to teach!!!
3) Pupil AQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OR SKILL more rapidly due to behavior of teacher
this is the criteria for…
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

Teaching

61
Q

chicks learn their diet from mothers food calls this is an example of?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

teaching

62
Q

Video recoded behavior of tandem (ants) runs in arena with nest and food source
1) first of scout
2) scout and recruit head to site of food
3) recruit back to nest and is now a scout for another recruit
This is an example of what?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social information
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

teaching

63
Q

behavioral traditions and song dialects are a form of what?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) negative reinforcement
e) public information

A

social learning

64
Q

Differences in behavior among population; transmitted across generations through social learning is called
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) negative reinforcement
e) behavioral traditions

A

behavioral traditions

65
Q

characteristic differences in songs that vary geographically among populations is called?

A

song dialects

66
Q

(Foraging behavioral tradition in great tits)
In each population with _________ demonstrators (t1-T5) knowledge about solving box spread quickly

A

trained

67
Q

(Foraging behavioral tradition in great tits)
Few individuals in ___________ populations solved box

A

Control

68
Q

(Foraging behavioral tradition in great tits)
Nine months later _____________ populations could still solve box and control populations had few who could solve

A

T1-T5

69
Q

(Foraging behavioral tradition in great tits)
A novel foraging technique can spread through a population through _________________
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) negative reinforcement
e) behavioral traditions

A

Social learning

70
Q

(Foraging behavioral tradition in great tits)
Behavioral traditions can persist over _________________

A

multiple generations

71
Q

acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information is called?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) behavioral traditions

A

Cognition

72
Q

1) Tool use (ex. OTTER, CROW)
2) Problem solving
-Insight learning
3) NUMERICAL ALBILITIES
4) Spatial memory
5) SELF RECOGNITION
These are all aspect of what?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) behavioral traditions

A

Cognition

73
Q

Capuchins use stones to crack open nuts (stones vary in size, weight, and affects strength) this is an example of?
a) teaching
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) behavioral traditions

A

Cognition

74
Q

Spontaneous problem solving without trial and error learning
-considered to be one aspect of HIGHER COGNITIVE ability
-Common study designed is to put food out of reach to see if individual can obtain via unique behavior
this is called?
a) problem solving
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) insight learning

A

Insight learning

75
Q

This is accomplished through trial and error learning?
a) problem solving
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) insight learning

A

Problem solving

76
Q

Asian elephants with no experience, kandula moved a large cube underneath hanging fruit to stand on to obtain food this is an example of?
a) problem solving
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) insight learning

A

Insight learning

77
Q

Birds often involves a string pulling task to acquire food this is an example of?
a) problem solving
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) cognition
e) insight learning

A

Insight learning

78
Q

Ability to recognize numerical quantities is called?
(another aspect of cognition)
a) problem solving
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) numerical competency
e) insight learning

A

Numerical competency

79
Q

New Zealand robins are shown two covered cache sites (placed different numbers of mealworms one at a time in caches) robins preferred larger cache sites this is an example of?
a) problem solving
b) local enhancement
c) social learning
d) numerical competency
e) insight learning

A

Numerical competency

80
Q

Large brains costly to maintain; provide survival benefits through learning flexible behaviors
-cognitive ability correlated with brain size
This is called?
a) problem solving
b) cognitive buffer hypothesis
c) social learning
d) numerical competency
e) insight learning

A

Cognitive buffer Hypothesis

81
Q

In female guppies, larger brains are associated with
__________________

A

higher cognitive (Learning) ability

82
Q

(Brain size and cognition in guppies)
Food more important for females than males ________________________

A

Males fitness reliant on finding mates

83
Q

(Bowerbirds)
There should be a positive relationship between cognitive performance and fitness this is called?
a) problem solving
b) cognitive buffer hypothesis
c) cognitive performance hypothesis
d) numerical competency
e) insight learning

A

Cognitive performance hypothesis

Animal Behavior (15 decks)

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