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Animal Behavior > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 main factors affect density of individuals in habitats?
a) Number of individuals
b) Learn distribution
c) amount of resources
d) a and c

A

1) amount of resources
2) Number of individuals

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2
Q

How animals distribute themselves among habitats/food patches this is called?
a) relative fitness payoff
b) ideal free distribution (IFD)
c) learn distribution
d) Conspecific attraction

A

Ideal free distribution (IFD) model

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3
Q

Ideal free distribution
ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Individuals attempt to _____________
2) Habitat locations differ in ______________
Fitness of individuals is **___________________ dependent
3) Individuals are ___________________
4) Individuals are free to move at no cost
Place in the correct spot (resources, Negative density, equal competitors, maximize fitness)

A

1) Maximize fitness
2) resources
3) NEGATIVELY DENSITY
4) equal competitors

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4
Q

IFD
Predictions:
1) Individuals will settle in habitats based on ________________
a) More animals in ___________________ habitats
a) relative fitness payoff
b) food available
c) higher quality
d) rich patch
e) a and b
d) a and c

A

1) Relative fitness payoff
2) higher quality

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5
Q

IFD
predictions:
2) all individuals will have _______________
a) less fitness
b) higher fitness
c) learn distribution
d) same fitness

A

same fitness (IMPORTANT)

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6
Q

How do guppies distribute themselves among food patches?
-Distribution of fish affected by ___________________
- AM fewer fish used _______________
-later, distributions matched IFD prediction
-Feeding intake was ______________ within a patch
Place these in the correct spot ( rich patch, similar, food available)

A

1) food available
2) rich patch
3) Similar

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7
Q

How do guppies distribute themselves among food patches?
(conclusion)
-Guppies followed IFD; had to ___________________ of food
a) relative habitat quality
b) Learn distribution
c) gain
d) loss

A

Learn distribution

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8
Q

IFD predicts number of individuals in habitats __________________
a) multiple at a time
b) one at a time
c) learn distribution
d) gain experience

A

at one time

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9
Q

IFD can also be used to predict over many years
-Plots density of individuals in habitat 1 vs. habitat 2 over SEVERAL POINTS IN TIME this is called?
a) relative habitat quality
b)
c)
d) linear isodar

A

Linear ISODAR

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10
Q

How do pike distribute themselves among habitats in a lake each year?
a) abundance
b) food available
c) relative habitat quality
d) rich patch

A

relative habitat quality

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11
Q

(the ideal free distribution model and pike)
Fecundity (fitness) DECLINES with ___________________; fitness ______________ density dependent
-OBSERVED LINEAR ISODAR
a)
b)
c)
d)

A

1) pike abundance
2) negative

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12
Q

IFD accurately predicts pike ____________ in these habitats

A

Density

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13
Q

What assumes individuals can asses the relative quality of different habitats?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

IFD

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14
Q

Cuckoos use ______________ to locate gypsy moth outbreaks/habitats with abundant food

A

Defoliation

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15
Q

Cuckoo abundance peaked in _____________________

A

year of outbreak

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16
Q

Conclusion:
-Gypsy moth outbreaks affect abundance of cuckoos
- __________________ may provide cue

A

Defoliated trees

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17
Q

IFD model predicts new settlers should ___________ competitors

A

avoid

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18
Q

Individuals prefer to SETTLE NEAR OTHERS this is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

Conspecific attraction

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19
Q

When population size is low, fitness increases with DENSITY this is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

Allee effect

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20
Q

Presence of another is cue to a HIGH QUALITY location this is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

Conspecific cueing

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21
Q

Allee effect and conspecific queuing are both classified as?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

Conspecific attraction

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22
Q

Grasshoppers have
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

conspecific attraction

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23
Q

Male grasshoppers prefer bushes with ___________
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

conspecific attraction

24
Q

How do male American redstarts select habitat patches?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD

A

Conspecific cueing

25
Q

(American redstarts)
-New immigrants strongly preferred ______________
-Returning adults and yearlings showed _______________

A

1) Playback plots
2) No preference

26
Q

(American redstarts)
-___________________ important mechanism for habitat selection for OLDER IMMIGRANT MALES
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) territory

A

conspecific (cueing) attraction

27
Q

Area DEFENDED to obtain EXCLUSIVE ACCESS to resources with no OVERLAP is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) territory

A

Territory

28
Q

Areas of repeated use NOT DEFENDED from conspecifics with OVERLAP is called?
a) home range
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) territory

A

Home range

29
Q

____________ affects territoriality in damselfies

A

Body condition

30
Q

(damselfies)
-Territorial males had _________________- than non-territorial males
- Experimentally challenged males had ________________ reserves

A

1) Higher fat reserves
2) lowest fat

31
Q

(Damselfies)
Territorial defense _____________________;

A

energetically expensive

32
Q

(environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish)
Territory size ___________ with increasing competitors density

A

decline

33
Q

(environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish)
____________________ cost of territory defense affects territory size in parrotfish

A

COMPETITOR DENSITY

34
Q

steroid hormone is

A

proximate

35
Q

What causes this?
-in seasonal reproducers, plasma T changes with PHOTOPERIOD
-INCREASE production in spring (day grow longer)
-DECREASE production in autumn (days shorten)

A

Testosterone

36
Q

Hormones influence

A

aggression

37
Q

(Hormones influence aggression)
_______________________ cycling T pattern in free-living male song sparrows vs. socially isolate captives

A

Photoperiod dependent

38
Q

Male-male interaction TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION/ sustain AGGRESSIVE behavior this is called?
a) winner challenge effect
b) winner effect
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) Challenge hypothesis

A

Challenge hypothesis

39
Q

Winning subsequent encounters is called?
a) winner challenge effect
b) winner effect
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) Challenge hypothesis

A

Winner effect

40
Q

Winning increases Testosterone enhancing AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR likelihood of contests is called?
a) winner challenge effect
b) winner effect
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) Challenge hypothesis

A

Winner challenge effect

41
Q

(Winning-challenge effect in the california mouse)
Winning fights enhances __________________ and enhances ________________ in future fights

A

1) Testosterone levels
2) Success

42
Q

(challenge hypothesis and bystander in fish)
Bystanders ________________________ than control 30min after observing interaction
-Viewing _______________________ increased testosterone levels

A

1) Had higher testosterone
2) aggressive interaction

43
Q

Hockey players had ___________________ after watching winning vs. losing game

A

Higher testosterone

44
Q

What is designed to explain increased T-plasma titers in vertebrates in response to challenge

A

Challenge hypothesis

45
Q

-Affects insect physiology and behavior
-_________________ similar fitness benefits and tradeoffs as T in vertebrates

A

Juvenile Hormone (JH)

46
Q

What cause aggression in wasps?

A

Juvenile hormone

47
Q

Removal of queen __________ JH
-________________ positively correlated with JH removal colonies
-Social stimulation enhances _____________________

A

1) increase
2) Aggression
3) JH titer and aggression

48
Q

Which of the following are Ultimate causes for aggression?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model

A

Hawk-dove model

49
Q

-used to understand variation in fighting behavior
-Two strategies: HAWL (fight until VICTORY/INJURY) and DOVE (NEVER FIGHT; low cost display)
-Payoff depend on STRATEGY OF OPPONENT; benefits and costs of fighting
-Predicts EVOLUTIONARY STABLE STRATEGY (ESS) : both hawks and doves exist with equal fitness
THIS IS CALLED?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model

A

Hawk-dove model

50
Q

Individuals differ in fighting ability is called?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model

A

Resource Holding Potential (RHP)

51
Q

Fighting behavior affected by value of

A

resource

52
Q

(wrestling behavior in red spotted newts)
Duration of wrestling positively correlated with ___________________

A

Female body length

53
Q

(wrestling behavior in red spotted newts)
Value of resource affects __________________________ in red spotted newts

A

Fight duration

54
Q

Which of the following is an ultimate cause:

A

Wrestling behavior in red spotted newts

55
Q

Individual engages in contest until it reaches COST THRESHOLD
-first individual to reach cost threshold losses fight
this is called?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model

A

Self assessment model

56
Q

-Individual assess RELATIVE FIGHT ABILITY of opponent
-Individual with HIGHER RHP wins fight
This is called?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model

A

Mutual assessment models

57
Q

(male fiddler crabs)
Results match predictions of _______________________ model
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model

A

self-assessment

Animal Behavior (15 decks)

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