Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are 2 main factors affect density of individuals in habitats?
a) Number of individuals
b) Learn distribution
c) amount of resources
d) a and c
1) amount of resources
2) Number of individuals
How animals distribute themselves among habitats/food patches this is called?
a) relative fitness payoff
b) ideal free distribution (IFD)
c) learn distribution
d) Conspecific attraction
Ideal free distribution (IFD) model
Ideal free distribution
ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Individuals attempt to _____________
2) Habitat locations differ in ______________
Fitness of individuals is **___________________ dependent
3) Individuals are ___________________
4) Individuals are free to move at no cost
Place in the correct spot (resources, Negative density, equal competitors, maximize fitness)
1) Maximize fitness
2) resources
3) NEGATIVELY DENSITY
4) equal competitors
IFD
Predictions:
1) Individuals will settle in habitats based on ________________
a) More animals in ___________________ habitats
a) relative fitness payoff
b) food available
c) higher quality
d) rich patch
e) a and b
d) a and c
1) Relative fitness payoff
2) higher quality
IFD
predictions:
2) all individuals will have _______________
a) less fitness
b) higher fitness
c) learn distribution
d) same fitness
same fitness (IMPORTANT)
How do guppies distribute themselves among food patches?
-Distribution of fish affected by ___________________
- AM fewer fish used _______________
-later, distributions matched IFD prediction
-Feeding intake was ______________ within a patch
Place these in the correct spot ( rich patch, similar, food available)
1) food available
2) rich patch
3) Similar
How do guppies distribute themselves among food patches?
(conclusion)
-Guppies followed IFD; had to ___________________ of food
a) relative habitat quality
b) Learn distribution
c) gain
d) loss
Learn distribution
IFD predicts number of individuals in habitats __________________
a) multiple at a time
b) one at a time
c) learn distribution
d) gain experience
at one time
IFD can also be used to predict over many years
-Plots density of individuals in habitat 1 vs. habitat 2 over SEVERAL POINTS IN TIME this is called?
a) relative habitat quality
b)
c)
d) linear isodar
Linear ISODAR
How do pike distribute themselves among habitats in a lake each year?
a) abundance
b) food available
c) relative habitat quality
d) rich patch
relative habitat quality
(the ideal free distribution model and pike)
Fecundity (fitness) DECLINES with ___________________; fitness ______________ density dependent
-OBSERVED LINEAR ISODAR
a)
b)
c)
d)
1) pike abundance
2) negative
IFD accurately predicts pike ____________ in these habitats
Density
What assumes individuals can asses the relative quality of different habitats?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
IFD
Cuckoos use ______________ to locate gypsy moth outbreaks/habitats with abundant food
Defoliation
Cuckoo abundance peaked in _____________________
year of outbreak
Conclusion:
-Gypsy moth outbreaks affect abundance of cuckoos
- __________________ may provide cue
Defoliated trees
IFD model predicts new settlers should ___________ competitors
avoid
Individuals prefer to SETTLE NEAR OTHERS this is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
Conspecific attraction
When population size is low, fitness increases with DENSITY this is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
Allee effect
Presence of another is cue to a HIGH QUALITY location this is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
Conspecific cueing
Allee effect and conspecific queuing are both classified as?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
Conspecific attraction
Grasshoppers have
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
conspecific attraction
Male grasshoppers prefer bushes with ___________
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
conspecific attraction
How do male American redstarts select habitat patches?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
Conspecific cueing
(American redstarts)
-New immigrants strongly preferred ______________
-Returning adults and yearlings showed _______________
1) Playback plots
2) No preference
(American redstarts)
-___________________ important mechanism for habitat selection for OLDER IMMIGRANT MALES
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) territory
conspecific (cueing) attraction
Area DEFENDED to obtain EXCLUSIVE ACCESS to resources with no OVERLAP is called?
a) allee affect
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) territory
Territory
Areas of repeated use NOT DEFENDED from conspecifics with OVERLAP is called?
a) home range
b) conspecific cuing
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) territory
Home range
____________ affects territoriality in damselfies
Body condition
(damselfies)
-Territorial males had _________________- than non-territorial males
- Experimentally challenged males had ________________ reserves
1) Higher fat reserves
2) lowest fat
(Damselfies)
Territorial defense _____________________;
energetically expensive
(environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish)
Territory size ___________ with increasing competitors density
decline
(environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish)
____________________ cost of territory defense affects territory size in parrotfish
COMPETITOR DENSITY
steroid hormone is
proximate
What causes this?
-in seasonal reproducers, plasma T changes with PHOTOPERIOD
-INCREASE production in spring (day grow longer)
-DECREASE production in autumn (days shorten)
Testosterone
Hormones influence
aggression
(Hormones influence aggression)
_______________________ cycling T pattern in free-living male song sparrows vs. socially isolate captives
Photoperiod dependent
Male-male interaction TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION/ sustain AGGRESSIVE behavior this is called?
a) winner challenge effect
b) winner effect
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) Challenge hypothesis
Challenge hypothesis
Winning subsequent encounters is called?
a) winner challenge effect
b) winner effect
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) Challenge hypothesis
Winner effect
Winning increases Testosterone enhancing AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR likelihood of contests is called?
a) winner challenge effect
b) winner effect
c) conspecific attraction
d) IFD
e) Challenge hypothesis
Winner challenge effect
(Winning-challenge effect in the california mouse)
Winning fights enhances __________________ and enhances ________________ in future fights
1) Testosterone levels
2) Success
(challenge hypothesis and bystander in fish)
Bystanders ________________________ than control 30min after observing interaction
-Viewing _______________________ increased testosterone levels
1) Had higher testosterone
2) aggressive interaction
Hockey players had ___________________ after watching winning vs. losing game
Higher testosterone
What is designed to explain increased T-plasma titers in vertebrates in response to challenge
Challenge hypothesis
-Affects insect physiology and behavior
-_________________ similar fitness benefits and tradeoffs as T in vertebrates
Juvenile Hormone (JH)
What cause aggression in wasps?
Juvenile hormone
Removal of queen __________ JH
-________________ positively correlated with JH removal colonies
-Social stimulation enhances _____________________
1) increase
2) Aggression
3) JH titer and aggression
Which of the following are Ultimate causes for aggression?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model
Hawk-dove model
-used to understand variation in fighting behavior
-Two strategies: HAWL (fight until VICTORY/INJURY) and DOVE (NEVER FIGHT; low cost display)
-Payoff depend on STRATEGY OF OPPONENT; benefits and costs of fighting
-Predicts EVOLUTIONARY STABLE STRATEGY (ESS) : both hawks and doves exist with equal fitness
THIS IS CALLED?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model
Hawk-dove model
Individuals differ in fighting ability is called?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model
Resource Holding Potential (RHP)
Fighting behavior affected by value of
resource
(wrestling behavior in red spotted newts)
Duration of wrestling positively correlated with ___________________
Female body length
(wrestling behavior in red spotted newts)
Value of resource affects __________________________ in red spotted newts
Fight duration
Which of the following is an ultimate cause:
Wrestling behavior in red spotted newts
Individual engages in contest until it reaches COST THRESHOLD
-first individual to reach cost threshold losses fight
this is called?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model
Self assessment model
-Individual assess RELATIVE FIGHT ABILITY of opponent
-Individual with HIGHER RHP wins fight
This is called?
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model
Mutual assessment models
(male fiddler crabs)
Results match predictions of _______________________ model
a) self assessment model
b) resource holding potential
c) hawk dove model
d) Mutual assessment model
self-assessment
