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Animal Behavior > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Mutually beneficial interaction this is called

A

cooperative behavior

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2
Q

Behavior that increases fitness of recipient; to performer this is called

A

Altruism

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3
Q

what theory explains the evolution of cooperation among related individuals?

A

Inclusive fitness theory

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4
Q

Individuals DIRECT genetic success + genetic success of RELATIVES this is called

A

Inclusive fitness

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5
Q

What can increase inclusive fitness by helping close relative (kin selection) ?

A

Altrist

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6
Q

Additional benefit (B) obtained by recipient must be greater than cost to altruist (C), adjusted for degree of relatedness (r) between individuals this is called

A

Hamiltons rule (Altrism)

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7
Q

Degree of relatedness (r) varies
Close relatives=

A

Highest degree of relatedness
-should have highest amount of helping

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8
Q

Can kin selection explain evolution of alarm-calling behavior in ground squirrels?

A

-Alarm calls help close relatives avoid predation; production of alarm calls is costly (they increase the risk to the caller of being killed by a predator)
-Individuals near close relatives will most often produce alarm calls

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9
Q

(Belding ground squirrel alarm calls)
-Adult _____________ produce most alarm calls
-Adult _____________ and juveniles produce fewest alarm calls
conclusion:
_________________ explains variation in alarm-calling behavior observed

A

1) Females
2) males
3) Kin selection

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10
Q

Male turkeys form social ____________ (pair of males) display together to attract females (only dominant male mates) solo males display to females as solitary individuals

A

COALITIONS

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11
Q

Why do subordinates help the dominant male in a coalition in turkeys?

A

-Kin selection explains helping behavior in male turkeys
-for a subordinate male. B*r>C

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12
Q

For kin selection to operate, individuals must be able to discriminate kin from non-kin. How?

A

-Direct familiarization
-Indirect familiarization

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13
Q

individuals learn to discriminate kin from non-kin via previous ASSOCIATIONS this is called

A

Direct familiarization

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14
Q

Individuals learn a reference phenotypic cue from themselves or close relative. Assess degree of similarity of LEARNED CUE to cue in others this is called

A

Indirect familiarization

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15
Q

How do sticklebacks discriminate kin from non-kin?

A

1) individuals preferred FAMILIAR Kin to UNFAMILIAR non-kin
2) Sticklebacks learn kin via prior associations- evidence for DIRECT DISCRIMINATION

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16
Q

Kin discrimination (___________) in cockroaches

A

indirect

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17
Q

How do cockroaches discriminate kin from non-kin? Is odor from cuticular hydrocarbon profile (CHC) used?

A

1) Individuals preferred to associate with siblings or their CHC EXTRACT
2) INDIRECT FAMILIARIZATION based on CHC profile odor explains kin discrimination

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18
Q

In many species, unrelated individuals help one another this can be considered?

A

1) Byproduct mutualism
2) allogrooming

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19
Q

Individual’s behavior enhances own fitness and fitness of other
-cooperative behavior actually SELFISH; all group members (and joiner) benefit
EX) joining group increases hunting success of group
this is called?

A

Byproduct mutualism

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20
Q

Grooming of one individual by another to remove parasites
-altruism between unrelated individuals involves a cost to performer
this is called?

A

Allogrooming

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21
Q

How does cooperative behavior evolve between unrelated individuals?

A

Direct reciprocal altruism/ Direct reciprocity

22
Q

A helps B, B helps A in future encounter
-Both individuals EVENTUALLY receive benefit that exceeds cost of helping
-subject to cheating; rare in nature
this is called

A

Direct reciprocal altruism/ Direct reciprocity

23
Q

If cheating occurs _____________ cannot evolve

A

altruism

24
Q

see image on prisoner’s dilemma page 23

A
25
Q

What strategy results in evolution of direct reciprocity

A

Tit for tat

26
Q

Player always COOPERATES in first interaction with partner
-matches the behavior of other player form previous interaction
-If both players use strategy, always cooperate on first encounter (and all subsequent encounters) —> HIGH payoff
-ALTRUISM can evolve
this is called

A

tit for tat

27
Q

Why do vampire bats share blood meals?

A

1) RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM explains food-sharing behavior in vampire bats
2) Individuals will share food with those that have provided food in the past

28
Q

(allogrooming in japanese macaques)
How can helping behavior among unrelated individuals evolve?

A

1) reciprocal altruism explains the evolution of helping such as allogrooming and support during an aggressive interaction
2) Individuals will help others who have helped them in the past

29
Q

Why do neighboring blackbirds sometimes engage in cooperative nest defense against predators?

A

1) Reciprocal altruism and the tit for tat strategy explain cooperative nest defense behavior
2) individuals will cooperate only if their neighbor cooperating in the previous interaction

30
Q

-Two individuals traveling opposite ways are confronted with snowdrift blocking the road.
Individuals:
-can obtain large benefit if can continue journey
-can pay effort cost to remove snow but both receive benefit of continuing travel
-can decide to not pay cost and hope other will remove snow, but if both fail to cooperate, neither will benefit
What is the best strategy?

A

1)HIGHEST PAYOFF do not cooperate with cooperator
-receive the benefit and pay no cost
2) Cooperate with cooperator
-receive benefit and pay half the cost
3) Cooperate with noncooperator
-receive benefit but pay cost
4) two noncooperators
-no benefit and pay no cost

ESS in such a game a MIXED strategy: cooperate some of the time or some fraction of cooperators exist in the population

31
Q

Do migrating juvenile bald ibis exhibit both leading and following behavior during migration, cooperate some of the time, as predicted by the snowdrift game?

A

results:
-Positions within flock changed frequently
-individuals spent on average 32% of their time flying in the wake of another bird
-Direct swaps between a pair (leader became follower and vice versa) occurred FREQUENTLY
-Strong positive correlation between leading and following times

Conclusion:
-Birds were actively seeking follower positions, but individuals took turns leading
-Consistent with COOPERATION as modeled in the snowdrift game

32
Q

-Individual A helps individual B because A and B help individual C in the past
This is called
-for this to evolve, indiciduals must keep track of other individuals reputation for helping _________________

A

1) Indirect reciprocity
2) Image score

33
Q

Is there any evidence that animals use their knowledge of reputations to modify their altruistic behavior?

A

Clients appear to FORM IMAGE SCORES of cleaners and assess their propensity to interact cooperatively

34
Q

Do great apes form image scores?

A

Chimps and orangs may form IMAGE SCORES of humans by observing interactions

35
Q

Adults in social group forego breeding/help others raise offspring (“helper”) this is called
-Reproductive skew

A

Cooperative breeding

36
Q

Variation in reproductive success among group members this is called

A

reproductive skew

37
Q

High reproductive skew; helpers do not reproduce, but pay cost of care—-> altristic behavior. Why?

A

1) helpers closely related to breeding pair
-indirect fitness benefits
2) ecological constraints may limit breeding opportunities
-Have offspring is risky
-better to remain social and help rather than pay high cost of attempting to reproduce

38
Q

Do helpers enhance the survivorship of pups and so, increase group size in meerkats?

A

1)pup food intake rate increased with number of helpers/pup
2) helpers enhance feeding rate and survivorship of pups.
-will increase group size/feeding benefits
-COMBINATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT BENEFITS

39
Q

Why help other adults to raise their offspring in long-tailed tits?

A

Kin selection explains the evolution of helpers at the nest
-helpers are close relatives of the adult breeders

40
Q

When few breeding opportunities exist, breeding attempt has LOW probability of success + HIGH cost
-individual have HIGHER fitness by staying in established group and helping raise others offspring this is called

A

Habitat Saturation hypothesis

41
Q

Why do offspring stay at their natal nest and help raise offspring of their parents in seychelles warblers?

A

1) Habitat saturation limits breeding opportunities
2) If breeding opportunities existed, there would be fewer nests with helpers

42
Q

(Social queuing in clownfish)
Clownfish live in small groups with 1 breeding pair and up to 4 unrelated individuals
-adults _____________- will mature into males, but can later become females
-females largest and most dominant, followed by dominant male, then non-breeders (no functioning gonads)

A

PROTANDROUS

43
Q

Why do subordinates stay in social groups?

A

1) Subordinates can move up dominance hierarchy over time (SOCIAL QUEUING )
2) SUBORDINATES will obtain future reproductive benefits by staying in their group

44
Q

Social structure with
-cooperative care of young (by nonparents)
-overlapping generations
this is called

A

Eusocial

45
Q

In some species (order Hymenoptera) evolution of sterile workers ___________ (bees, ants, wasps)
-groups of individuals that engage in distinct behavior/possess distinct morphology
-sterile females- defend nest and help queen
-1-2 queens/colony

A

CASTS

46
Q

Haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs
-diploid females develop from fertilized eggs
-sterile daughters achieve higher fitness by raising SISTER instead of daughters
this is called

A

Haplodiploidy genetic system

47
Q

What are the problems with haplodiploid explanation?

A

Many eusocial species are DIPLOID
-average relatedness among siblings is same as parents and offspring (r=.5), so overall fitness benefits of helping to raise siblings isn’t higher than from raising offspring
-most likely due to KIN SELECTION and ecological constraints

48
Q

What explains the evolution of sterile workers?

A

1) Kin selection
2) Ecological constraints

49
Q

All extant eusocial species with sterile castes descended from MONOGAMOUS ancestor species
-all offspring were FULL SIBLINGS; related to one another on average, same as parents were to their own offspring this is called

A

KIN SELECTION

50
Q

Most eusocial species live and reproduce large colonies; need COOPERATIVE defense
-small “break-off” colonies are likely to have low fitness; poorly defended
-May be few opportunities in an environment to establish a new colony because of HABITAT SATURATION
this is called

A

Ecological constraints

51
Q

How do kin selection and ecological constraints play a role in the evolution of sterile workers in sweat bees?

A

1) female produce average of 4 larval cells in both solitary and multiple-female nests
-INCLUSIVE fitness of sterile worker females significantly higher than that of solitary females
2) Selection favors individuals that DO NOT reproduce directly, but instead stay to help a relative reproduce; HAMILTONS RULE

Animal Behavior (15 decks)

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