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Animal Behavior > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

activities of adult that ENHAnCE SURVIRORSHIP of offspring is called

A

parental care

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2
Q

invilved with growth, reproduction, and survivorshiipi; result of natural selection this is called

A

life history traits

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3
Q

Hypothesis that assume natural selection favors behaviors/ traits that maximize individual lifetime reproduction success this is called

A

life history theory

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4
Q

Natural selection favors evolution of behaviors that maximize an individual’s lifetime reproductive success
-energy (effort) is limited
This is called?

A

Life history trade-offs

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5
Q

Reproductive effort reduces growth and survivorship effort
-tradeoffs
this is called?

A

Energy (effort) is limited

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6
Q

Life history trait species A (fly) species B Species C (humans)

Fecundity ________ ________ _____________

Survivorship _________ ________ ______________

Parental care _________ ________ ______________

A

Life history trait species A (fly) species B Species C (humans)

Fecundity High Intermediate Low

Survivorship Low Intermediate High

Parental care Low Intermediate High

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7
Q

Many small offspring, high growth rate, little parental care this is called
Ex) mice

A

R-selected species

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8
Q

Fewer, larger offspring, slow growth rate, lots of parental care this is called
Ex) elephant

A

K- selected species

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9
Q

Can life history theory explain variation in fish?

A

Larger body= larger maturation, larger eggs, fewer reproductive events per year, and higher level of parental care
-small species= opposite trend
(therefore patterns reflect BASIC LIFE HISTORY TRADE OFFS)

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10
Q

Do humans show history trade-offs?

A

Analyzed female British aristocracy over 1100 years
-NEGATIVE CORRELATION between lifespan and offspring
-Positive correlation between lifespan and age of first reproduction
-both patterns consistent with life history theory trade-offs

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11
Q

variation in parental care in humans
-species vary in parental care
-only females (_______________)
-Only males (_______________)
-both species (_________________)

A

1) maternal care
2) paternal care
3) bi-parental care

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12
Q

Females typically ____________________ than males

A

provide more parental care

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13
Q

each sex has different benefits/cost of providing care

A

sexual conflict

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14
Q

-females KNOW offspring are theirs
-Males less certain of OFFSPRING PATERNITY; have a higher cost of providing care (care for unrelated individuals)
-evolution of REDUCED CARE by males
this is called

A

Paternity Uncertainty

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15
Q

Why do males vary the level of care within a clutch of offspring in boobies?

A

certainty of paternity affects males level of care
-males will provide low care when certainty of paternity is low

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16
Q

The evolution of male-only care
-Mammals and birds= _______________-
-Fish, amphibians, and reptiles= _____________

A

1) female-biased parental care
2) Male-biased

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17
Q

Mammals and birds=

A

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION/ DETERMINATE growth (reach adult size)

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18
Q

Fishes, and amphibians (and some reptiles)=

A

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION/ INDETERMINATE growth (never stop growing

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19
Q

increase certainty of paternity
-larger females produce more eggs, parental care costly to females
-limits growth and FUTURE FECUNDITY
-For fish, higher costs for females vs lower costs for MALE ONLY CARE

A

external fertilization

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20
Q

(The evolution of male only care)
-Paternity certainty affected by __________________________

A

mode of fertilization

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21
Q

(The evolution of male-only care)
-_________________ growth affects fecundity

A

Indeterminate

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22
Q

(The evolution of male-only care)
Male-only care can evolve in species with ____________ fertilization and ___________ reproductive events

A

-external
-multiple

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23
Q

(the evolution of male-only care)
-________________: multiple reproductive events throughout lifetime

A

Iteroparity

24
Q

(the evolution of male-only care)
_______________: reproduction occurs only once

A

Semelparity

25
Q

What affects the level of male parental care in bluegill sunfish?

A

-Males should reduce care as their certainty of paternity declines to avoid caring for unrelated offspring
-males that observe sneakers near their nest during spawning should provide less care to eggs compared to males that do not see sneakers near their nest during this period
(parental care affected by paternity certainty)

26
Q

Why do water bugs have male only care despite having internal fertilization and sperm storage by females?

A

Male water bugs have a HIGH DEGREE OF CERTAINTY of percentage despite having INTERNAL fertilization

27
Q

What is the benefit of parental care

A

enhance survivorship of young

28
Q

what is the cost of parental care?

A

reductions in both current and future reproduction

29
Q

Parents and offspring under different SELECTED PRESSURES:
-Parents- maximize REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
-Offspring-Maximize energy /protection received from parents to survive to reproductive age
this is called

A

Parent-offspring conflict theory

30
Q

Increasing offspring SURVIVAL at cost of parents ability to invest in other offspring this is called

A

parental investment

31
Q

Optimal level of parental investment is ALWAYS HIGHER FOR OFFSPRING THEN FOR PARENT this is called

A

parent-offspring conflict theory

32
Q

(predation risk and parental care in songbirds)
Common costs of parental care is PREDATION RISK
-________________________: parents should maximize their LIFETIME reproductive fitness; offspring should maximize the energy and protection in order to survive to reproductive age

A

Parent-offspring conflict theory

33
Q

(predation risk and parental care in songbirds)
results:
-Pre-stimulus and control periods- ______________ in food delivery rates
-Predator stimulus treatment- __________ food delivery rate

A

1) no difference
2) reduce

34
Q

(predation risk and parental care in songbirds)
-Adults __________ level of parental care in response to a heightened risk of ________________
-supports parent-offspring conflict theory

A

1) Modify
2) mortality

35
Q

If egg-guarding parental care increases offspring success, why don’t all males attend eggs at a high level in frogs?

A

Males with SMALL CLUTCHES may be searching for additional mating opportunities

36
Q

Within a species, why is there much variation in parental care such as egg guarding in treehoppers?

A

1) egg guarding will increase egg survival (current reproduction)
2) Increased egg guarding will decrease future reproduction

37
Q

Birds incubate eggs to maintain HIGH TEMPERATURES for proper development. How costly is it?

A

Individuals with large clutches will pay high incubation costs and experience lower reproductive fitness in the future compared to those with small clutches

38
Q

Differential offspring mortality often within single clutch
-Adaptive for parent= reduces cost of CURRENT REPRODUCTION enhances survivorship and FUTURE REPRODUCTION
this is called

A

Brood reduction

39
Q

Chicks hatch on different days this is called

A

Hatching asynchrony

40
Q

Does hatch asynchrony affect offspring mortality?

A

Hatching asynchrony facilitates brood reduction by creating offspring of DIFFERENT SIZE/ COMPETITIVE ABILITY

41
Q

Some marine mammals give birth in consecutive years, but pups not weaned for two years. Lactation costs are high for female with two pups, the younger pup rarely survives this is called

A

Brood reduction

42
Q

Why fo females give birth in consecutive years in fur seals?

A

Brood reduction (pup death) is function of FOOD AVAILABILITY. Parents can raise pups in consecutive years when food availability is high, but cannot be PREDICTED IN ADVANCE

43
Q

__________________ is common in birds of prey (endangered eagles)
- __________________ increases survivorship of second offspring

A

1) brood reduction
2) Food supplementation

44
Q

Brood parasitism reduces the cost of parental care and can result in a ___________________________

A

Co-evolutionary arms race

45
Q

Females lays egg in the nest of CONSPECIFIC FEMALES
-reduces cost of parental care
this is called

A

Brood parasitism

46
Q

Brood parasites can lay all (__________) or some eggs (_______________) in the nest of another female

A

1) pure parasite
2) nesting parasites

47
Q

What reproductive strategy leads to the highest fitness (pure parasite, nesting parasite (mixed strategy), or nonparasites?

A

Nesting parasites had highest reproductive success
(brood parasitism ENHANCES FITNESS in part by reducing cost of PARENTAL CARE

48
Q

-Females lays an egg in nest of another species this is called

A

Interspecific brood parasitism

49
Q

Only lays eggs in nest of another species this is called
ex) brown-headed cowbirds

A

Obligate brood parasite

50
Q

Why do some host species accept most parasite eggs while other species reject most parasite eggs?

A

1) evolutionary lag hypothesis
2) Bill size hypothesis
(evolutionary history with brown-headed cowbirds and bill length explain VARIATION IN EGG REJECTION)

51
Q

Species with SHORT HISTORY OF COEXISTENCE with parasites will be acceptors; those with long history will have evolved to be egg REJECTORS this is called

A

Evolutionary lag hypothesis

52
Q

Only species with LARGE BILLS can lift egg out of nest to reject it this is called

A

Bill size hypothesis

53
Q

Radical changes in behavior during breeding season
-Early: concentrate on ____________________ mates
-Later: concentrate on _____________________
-_________ causes parental care to occur

A

1) finding and attracting
2) providing care to offspring
3) prolactin

54
Q

_____________ : Hormone that influences PARENTAL CARE
-levels in VERTEBRATES VARY over reproductive season

A

Prolactin

55
Q

Does prolactin affect parental care in rats?

A

Prolactin strongly affects parental care behavior
(females with prolactin exhibited higher levels vs. controls and females not primed exhibited little care)

56
Q

In birds what causes prolactin levels to increase during egg laying?

A

1) sight of eggs stimulates prolactin production
2) Tactile stimulation (brood patch contact with eggs) stimulates prolactin production

57
Q

What hormone lowers parental care in earwigs?

A

JH (Juvenile hormones)

Animal Behavior (15 decks)

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