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Animal Behavior > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

socail associations and number of SEXUAL PARTNERS an individual has DURING ONE BREEDING SEASON
this is called

A

mating system

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2
Q

-number of females 1
-number of males 1
this is called

A

monogamy

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3
Q

-number of females more than 1
-number of males 1
this is called

A

polygyny

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4
Q

-number of females more than 1
-mating occurs within social groups
-number of males more than 1
this is called

A

polygynandry or plural breeding

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5
Q

-number of females 1
-number of males more than 1
this is called

A

polyandry

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6
Q

-number of females more than 1
-number of males more than 1
-mating is not restricted to specific social associations
this is called

A

promiscuity

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7
Q

Sexual conflict (evolutionary) and resource distribution (ecological)
2 factors:
1) Sexual conflict
2) Resource amount and distribution vary in different environments
this is called

A

Emlen and Oring model

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8
Q

differential selection on males and females to maximize fitness
-female fitness most often limited by ACCESS OF RESOURCES
-male fitness most often limited by NUMBER OF MATES
this is called

A

Sexual conflct

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9
Q

males monopolize AGGREGATIONS OF FEMALES directly this is called

A

Female defense polygyny

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10
Q

Males defend territories RICH IN RESOURCES used by females this is called

A

Resource defense polygyny

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11
Q

Location where aggregation of males DISPLAY TO FEMALES
-Males often form DOMINANCE Hierarchy
this is called

A

LEK

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12
Q

Dominant males obtain most mating this is called

A

Male dominance polygyny

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13
Q

May evolve when MALE-BIASED parental care is advantageous for both sexes
-very HIGH PREDATION on offspring advantageous for females to be able to MATE AGAIN QUICKLY
this is called

A

polyandry

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14
Q

MULTIPLE MATING partners for both sexes
-SOCIAL ASSOCIATIONS are present
ex) lions

A

Polygyandry

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15
Q

Multiple mating partners for both sexes
-social associations ARE NOT PRESENT; males and females are SOLITARY

A

Promiscuity

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16
Q

(Mating system in reed warblers)
1) Most species are _______________ and live in POOR QUALITY habitats
2) Four species display __________________ and live in MEDIUM QUALITY habitats
3) One species displays __________________ and lives in GOOD QUALITY habitat
4) Most species show high levels of PARENTAL CARE
5) _______________ occurs in polygynous and promiscuouc species

A

1) Monogamous
2) Polygyny
3) promiscuity
4) reduced parental care

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17
Q

Bi-parental care favors the evolution of ____________

A

monogamy

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18
Q

One male associates and mates with one female often forming pair-bond
-association with bi-parental care
-favored in resources-poor environments/ when resources are difficult to obtain

A

monogamy

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19
Q

California mice are _______________
High levels of paternal care to raise offspring
-reproductive success will be low if paternal care is absent

A

monogamous

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20
Q

Poison frogs are _______________
-When resources are limited, ________________ will evolve because bi-parental care is required to successfully raise offspring

A

monogamous

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21
Q

Small pool of water that collects at base of leaves or petals in a plants is called

A

Phytotelma

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22
Q

How are habitat quality and mating system related to the level of male care in reed warblers?

A

1) most species show high levels of parental care
2) reduced parental care occurs in polygynous species and in the promiscuous species

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23
Q

Habitat quality is correlated with ______ and level of ______-

A

mating system
paternal care

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24
Q

males in r imitator (monogamous)

A

carries the fertilized eggs to small phytotelma

25
Q

female r imitator (monogamous)

A

feeds young with her unfertilized eggs

26
Q

Males in R. variables (promiscuouc)

A

carries the fertilized eggs to large phytotelma

27
Q

females in R variables (promiscuous)

A

no egg feeding

28
Q

two individuals (one of each sex)
can better defend a critical resource needed for reproduction

A

territorial cooperation hypothesis

29
Q

a single male can benefit by remaining close to a single female during one or more reproductive cycles

A

Mate guarding hypothesis

30
Q

2 hypothesis that may be explanation for monogamy in some species without bi-parental care

A

1) territorial cooperation hypothesis
2) mate guarding hypothesis

31
Q

why are snapping shrimp monogamous when males provide no care?

A

1) females in pairs won more contests than solitary females
2) males in pairs won more contest than solitary males
3) males only respond to water that contained females close to and during sexual receptivity
34) territorial cooperation and mate guarding have favored monogamy in snapping shrimp

32
Q

males monopolize aggregations of females directly (female is being defended) this is called

A

female defense polygyny

33
Q

males defend territories rich in resources that are used by and attract females this is called

A

resource defense polygyny

34
Q

Do male horses defend females directly or the resources they seek?

A

1) males defended their females from other males
2) all bands used the same geographic areas over time
3) males defended females directly

35
Q

Females should mate polygynously only when the benefits of doing so (extra resources) exceed the costs (sharing resources with other females) this is called?

A

Polygyny threshold model

36
Q

Why do some blackbirds mate monogamously while others mate polygynously?

A

1) in 12 of the 14 male dyads, newly arriving females settled on the high-quality territory and mated polygynously
2) these females had high reproductive success; the two females that mated monogamously had low reproductive success
3) territory quality affects observed mating system in red-winged blackbirds as predicted by the polygyny threshold model

37
Q

What is the mating system of carrion beetles?

A

1) the two females had similar reproductive success
2) the large male had higher reproductive success than the small male
3) resource defense polygyny appears to be the mating system in this species

38
Q

males can benefit by aggregating on leks near high quality resources that attract females this is called

A

hotspot hypothesis

39
Q

males can benefit by aggregating on leks near high-quality males that attract females this is called?

A

hotshot hypothesis

40
Q

Why do male great snipe (gallinago media) aggregate on leks)?

A

1) when dominant were removed, their territory remained unoccupied and subordinates moved away
2) When subordinates were removed, other subordinates added the vacant space to their territories
3) support the hotspot hypothesis

41
Q

Why do male peafowl aggregate on leks?

A

1) Males closest to the feeding site obtained the most mating
2) New males quickly settled on the sites of removed males
3) the number of female visits to a display site was similar before and after a male was removed
4) hotspot hypothesis
5) females preferred to mate with males close to the feeding site

42
Q

Females exhibit high levels of territorial defense and aggression while males provide high parental care
-may be favored in resource-poor environments or where predation on offspring is high
this is called

A

sex role reversed species

43
Q

Where is sex role reversed species favored?

A

1) resource poor environment
2) predation on offspring is high

44
Q

3 methods of the evolution of polyandry?

A

1) male biased parental care
2) high female fecundity
3) intense competition among females for mates

45
Q

What distinguishes polygyandry from promiscuity?

A

Presence of social associations (bonding)

46
Q

plural breeding

A

polygynandry

47
Q

In polygynandry, group defense of a territory is _______ than defense by a single individual

A

better

48
Q

5 examples of polygynandry

A

1) African lions
2) Banded monogooses
3) spooted hyenas
4) chimpanzees
5) bonobos

49
Q

What is the mating system of the European badger?

A

1) Social groups averaged six adult males and six adult females
2) Within social groups, multiple males and multiple females reproduced within a single breeding attempt
3) Polygynandry

50
Q

Promiscuity is characterized by

A

scramble competition

51
Q

individuals compete with one another to obtain copulations with multiple mates this is called?

A

scramble competition

52
Q

Promiscuity may evolve when ____________ or ____________

A

1) the costs of the defense of mates or resources exceed the benefits
2) there is no need for bi-parental care

53
Q

What is the mating system of red squirrels?

A

1) females copulated with an average of 5.8 males
2) 83% of litters with more than one young were sired by multiple males (mean of 2.3 sires per litter)
3) these data indicate a promiscuous mating system with scramble competition

54
Q

Based on observations of social associations among the sexes this is called

A

social mating system

55
Q

Based on the actual number of sexual partners that contribute to a set of offspring this is called

A

Extra-pair copulations

56
Q

Females that engage in multi-male matings can improve the fitness of their offspring via genetic mechanisms this is called?

A

genetic quality hypothesis

57
Q

Why do female juncos engage in extra-pair copulations?

A

1) Extra-pair young produced more grand offspring than within-pair young
2) the fitness of female offspring from extra-pair matings is higher than that of within-pair young

58
Q

Why do female marmots engage in extra-pair copulations?

A

1) off 220 offspring, 45 resulted from extra-pair matings
2) Extra-pair offspring had higher survivorship and a greater probability of becoming dominant than within-pair young
3) Females can improve their fitness by seeking extra-pair partners

Animal Behavior (15 decks)

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