Chapter 3 Flashcards
A category of biological classification ranking immediately the genus or subgenus, comprising related organisms or population is a ___________?
a)
b) species
c)
d)
Species
Who developed the Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. It is when a Morphology can change over a lifetime; offspring could inherit
Example; Giraffes necks- They elongated as they evolved
a) Merriam Webster
b) Charles Darwin
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) Tim scott
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
What is the Differential REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVORSHIP amount individuals within a population. Some survive/ reproduce, some don’t?
a) Natural selection
b) Heritable
c) Evolution
d) Variation
Natural selection
What is it called when a genetically based trait that can be passed from parent to their offspring?
a) Natural selection
b) Heritable
c) Evolution
d) Variation
Heritable
What is called when there is changes in allele frequency in a population over time?
a) Natural selection
b) Heritable
c) Evolution
d) Variation
Evolution
What are the three conditions required for evolution by natural selection?
1) Variation
2) Heritability
3) Fitness
___________ exists among individuals in a population in the traits they possess.
a) Variation
b) Heritability
c) Evolution
d) Fitness
Variation
Individuals different traits are at least in part, _________
a) Variation
b) Heritable
c) Evolution
d) Fitness
Heritable
Traits confer differences in SURVIVORSHIP a measure we call?
a) Variation
b) Heritability
c) Evolution
d) Fitness
Fitness
What are the measures of heritability?
a) Selection of method
b) Genetic composition
c) Parent-offspring regression analysis
d) A and C
A and C
What is the statistical technique that assesses SIMILARITY OF TRAITS between parent and offspring? If the trait is heritable, the of values of offspring is __________ to value of patents. This is called?
1) Parent offspring recession analysis
2) Similar
3) Positive correlation
What is it called when different groups subjected to DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION? If selection changes trait value, then traits has __________ __________
1) Flection experiment method
2) Genetic basis
Maternal defense in mice (make sure to go back to page 17 to see graphs)
1) Half randomly chosen as control line/half selection line
2)Tested real defense behavior 4-6 days post partum:
-Placed unfamiliar male in female cage
-Recorded duration of her attacks on male
3) Only females with longest attack duration mated; for control line, random mating
4) Continued for 8 generations
What experiment was tested?
a) Parent-offspring recession
b) Selection experiment
c) Genetic composition
d) Environmental conditions
b) Selection experiment
Maternal defense in mice (make sure to go back to page 17 to see graphs)
-Analyzed female attack behavior of initial parental generation and their offspring.
What experiment was tested?
a) Parent-offspring recession
b) Selection experiment
c) Genetic composition
d) Environmental conditions
a) Parent-offspring recession
What is it called when there is a difference in a feature due to genetics?
Ex) Eye color
a) Heritability
b) stabilizing selection
c) polymorphism
d) polypheniesm
Polymorphism
What is it called when a morph is triggered by the ENVIRONMENT? It is when a single genotype codes for different phenotypes caused by environmental variables. Switch gene turn on or off?
Trigger for this:
1) Amount of food
2) Type of food
3) Social interaction (fish gender, territoriality)
4) Presence of Predator
a) Heritability
b) stabilizing selection
c) polymorphism
d) polypheniesm
Polyphenisms
Male cichlids can be colorful or drab. Colorful defend territories and drab are submissive. When separated, drab male becomes colorful and reproductive.
What is this called?
a) Socially induced polypheniesm
b) Food induced polypheniesm
c) predator induced polypheniesm
d) frequency dependent selection
Socially- induced polypheniesm
What is it called when the fitness of a trait is linked to the frequency in a population?
a) Socially induced polypheniesm
b) Food induced polypheniesm
c) predator induced polypheniesm
d) frequency dependent selection
Frequency dependent selection
A salamander species have stripes and some don’t have stripes. This is an example of what?
a) Stabilizing selection
b) Directional selection
c) Polymorphism
d) Polypheniesm
Polymorphism
_________ __________ is when measuring survivorship and reproduction, it is the ——– measures of the number of progeny that reproduce.
a) Adaptation
b) Direct fitness
c) Indirect fitness
d) directional selection
Direct fitness
__________ _________ is when measuring survivorship and reproduction, number of mates, body size/growth, feeding efficiency.
a) Adaptation
b) Direct fitness
c) Indirect fitness
d) directional selection
Indirect fitness
_________ is when a trait enhances fitness, it is an evolutionary process in a population of individuals best suited to current environment.
a) Adaptation
b) Direct fitness
c) Indirect fitness
d) directional selection
Adaptation
___________ ____________ is when individuals with EXTREME traits value has higher fitness.
a) stabilizing selection
b) directional selection
c) disruptive selection
d) Frequency dependent selection
directional selection
___________ ____________ is when individuals at EITHER EXTREME of trait value have highest fitness.
a) stabilizing selection
b) directional selection
c) disruptive selection
d) Frequency dependent selection
Disruptive selection
__________ _____________ is when individuals with INTERMEDIATE values have highest fitness
a) stabilizing selection
b) directional selection
c) disruptive selection
d) Frequency dependent selection
Stabilizing selection
ornate tree lizards locomotion performance equals function of stride length. The longer the limb the longer the stride better chance of survival. What is this an example of?
a) stabilizing selection
b) directional selection
c) disruptive selection
d) Frequency dependent selection
Directional selection
Spade in spadefoot toad tadpoles. They have two different morphs
1) Detritus morphs feed on detritus
2) Carnivore morphs fee on invertebrates
(no intermediate morphs)
What is this an example of?
a) stabilizing selection
b) directional selection
c) disruptive selection
d) Frequency dependent selection
Disruptive selection
Territory size in Cichlids. cichlids prefer middle size territories rather than large or small territories.
What is this an example of?
a) stabilizing selection
b) directional selection
c) disruptive selection
d) Frequency dependent selection
Stabilizing selection
_________ ________ __________ is when a trait that confers the highest fitness in a population in a particular environment.
a) Optimal trait value
b) Cost- benefit approach
a) optimal trait value
_________ ________ _________ is used to identify costs and benefits of different traits to determine which trait confers the HIGHEST NET BENEFIT.
a) Optimal trait value
b) Cost- benefit approach
b) Cost-Benefit approach
_________ ________ _________ is used to identify costs and benefits of different traits to determine which trait confers the HIGHEST NET BENEFIT.
a) Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
b) Optimal trait value
c) Game theory
d) Cost benefit approach
b) Cost-Benefit approach
What finds optimal behavior when fitness is affected by BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS
Example) Social interactions?
a) Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
b) Optimal trait value
c) Game theory
d) Cost benefit approach
c) Game theory
What strategy (BEHAVIORS) that cannot be beaten by any other strategy. Alternative strategy have a low payoff?
a) Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
b) Optimal trait value
c) Game theory
d) Cost benefit approach
a) Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
What selection acts on groups; favors particular groups over others?
Example) Territories/DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES limits resources use; continue survival
a) Sexual selection
b) Kin selection
c) Multilevel selection
d) Group selection
e) Artificial selection
d) group selection
Who developed group selection?
a) Merriam Webster
b) V.C Wynne-Edwards
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) Tim scott
b) V.C Lynne-edwards
Lemming suicide. Lemmings commit suicide when population is too high; self sacrifice for good of group. Lemming DISPERSE to reduce INTRASPECIFIC competition.
What is this an example of?
a) Sexual selection
b) Kin selection
c) Multilevel selection
d) Group selection
e) Artificial selection
d) Group selection
Who developed territoriality is a result of competition cheating would have fitness advantages?
a) Merriam Webster
b) V.C Wynne-Edwards
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) Tim scott
e) George williams
e) George williams (cheater)
There are 3 farmers, each of the farmers have an equal amount of pigs on a farm. One of the farmers places an extra pig on the farm to gain more benefit for himself.
What is this an example of?
a) Sexual selection
b) Kin selection
c) Tragedy of the commons
d) Group selection
e) Artificial selection
c) Tragedy of the commons
Who developed the theory of the tragedy of the commons?
a) Merriam Webster
b) V.C Wynne-Edwards
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) Hardin
e) George williams
d) Hardin
Who developed the theory of kin selection?
a) William Hamilton
b) V.C Wynne-Edwards
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) Hardin
e) George williams
a) William Hamilton (mil wil kin)
_______ _________ is when fitness is the result of direct and indirect components.
Direct fitness benefits own offspring
indirect fitness benefits relatives offspring
a) Sexual selection
b) Kin selection
c) Tragedy of the commons
d) Group selection
e) Artificial selection
Kin Selection
What is called when both individual fitness and the fitness gained by helping close relatives?
a) Sexual selection
b) Inclusive fitness
c) Tragedy of the commons
d) Group selection
e) Artificial selection
b) Inclusive fitness
Meerkats; Eusocial insects (Bees)
These are an example of what?
a) Sexual selection
b) Kin selection
c) Tragedy of the commons
d) Group selection
e) Artificial selection
b) kin selection
what is a form of natural selection where selection on groups is stronger than selection on individuals
-group size must be small
-minimal dispersal
a) Individual selection
b) group selection
c) Kin selection
d) artificial selection
e) Multilevel selection
f) Sexual selection
e) Multilevel selection
Who developed the theory of multilevel selection?
a) William Hamilton
b) V.C Wynne-Edwards
c) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
d) David sloan Wilson
e) George williams
d) David sloan Wilson (multiple hoes) long dick david
This is a form of natural selection that focuses on the reproductive fitness of individuals. It is selection that acts on HERITABLE traits that affect REPRODUCTION?
a) Individual selection
b) group selection
c) Kin selection
d) artificial selection
e) Multilevel selection
f) Sexual selection
f) Sexual selection
Morphological differences between sexes this is called?
a) Individual selection
b) group selection
c) Sexual dimorphism
d) artificial selection
e) Multilevel selection
f) Sexual selection
c) Sexual dimorphism
Male lions have large main compared to female lions. Males are very different than females.
This is an example of…
a) Individual selection
b) group selection
c) Sexual dimorphism
d) artificial selection
e) Multilevel selection
f) Sexual selection
c) Sexual dimorphism
Long tail of male red-collared widow birds is a result of?
a) Individual selection
b) group selection
c) Kin selection
d) artificial selection
e) Multilevel selection
f) Sexual selection
f) Sexual selection
The longer the tail means more fit male and has higher reproductive success.
