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Animal Behavior > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Genitalia/ reproductive organs

A

Primary sexual characteristics

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2
Q

Morphological differences between sexes NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED in reproduction

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

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3
Q

Acts on heritable traits that affect reproduction via MATE COMPETITION and MATE CHOICE
-form of natural selection

A

Sexual selection

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4
Q

WITHIN SEX competition for access to opposite sex

A

Mate competition (INTRASEXUAL selection)

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5
Q

One sex selects members of other sex

A

Mate choice (Intersexual selection)

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6
Q

DIFFERENT sized gametes in different sexes
-Males lots of small, motile gametes
-Female fewer larger, nutrient rich gametes

A

Anisogamy

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7
Q

Production of same sized gametes
-fungi, algae, unicellular protozoans
-Ancestral form

A

Isogamy

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8
Q

Assumption 1
Individuals produce different sized gametes

A

Ancestral marine environment

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9
Q

Assumption 2
Parents have FIXED ENERGY for gamete production; size-number trade off
-number of gametes increases, size decreased

A

come back

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10
Q

Assumption 3
Zygote VIABILITY related to size
-larger zygote ___________ viability; contain more resources

A

High

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11
Q

Results:
Larger (female) gametes = __________________; small )male gametes = _____________ advantage
-both have _________ fitness. intermediate size gametes have low

A

1) higher survivorship
2) numerical
3) High

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12
Q

Female reproductive success limited by the NUMBER OF SUCCESS OF EGGS; male reproductive success limited by NUMBER OF MATES

A

BATEMAN’s HYPOTHESIS

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13
Q

Sex with greater investment IN OFFSPRING should be choosier

A

Parental investment theory

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14
Q

Traits used in male - male competition this is called

A

weapons (intrasexual selection)

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15
Q

Traits used to attract females

A

ornaments (intersexual selection)

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16
Q

What is the role of males horn-like projection?

A

(WEAPON)
larger horns provide an advantage in mate competition
-males with larger horn will win most fights

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17
Q

are peacock tails an ornament used in mate choice?

A

Larger males with longer tails= most successful in site defense
-males preforming the most displays/ greatest number of ocelli obtained more compilations
-Mate competition and mate choice are important are important in evolution of peacock tail

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18
Q

Females compete for males (invest heavily in parental care)
-females have enhanced secondary sexual characteristics
This is called?

A

Sex role reversed species

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19
Q

How do male pipefish select a mate?

A

Males prefer females that have higher expression of a sexually selected trait
-males should spend more time and mare more often with those females that display their temporary striped pattern (ornament) the most

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20
Q

Pipefish
males spent more time dancing/shorter latency to dance with ________________
-more ornamented female obtained ________________

A

high displaying females
more copulations

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21
Q

pipefish
Females with _____________________ had highest mating success

A

Ornaments

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22
Q

female mating preferences are byproduct of preexisting biases in females’s sensory systems what is this called?

A

Sensory bias hypothesis

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23
Q

Guppies
How does a male trait become selected in female mate preference?

A

Males and females should be attracted to orange colored objects; orange associated with carotenoids

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24
Q

Guppies
________________ were attracted to orange and red dics

A

males and females

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25
Q

Guppies
-female mating preference linked to ______________________ for orange food objects

A

preexisting preference

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26
Q

Material resources obtained from mating with male this is called?

A

Direct material benefits

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27
Q

Physical resource that male provides to enhance mating success this is called?

A

Nuptial gift

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28
Q

Male green-veined white butterflies provide a _____________________ sperm packaged within a protein-rich structure produced by male accessory glands as ______________________

A

1) spermatophore
2) Nuptial gift

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29
Q

Do nuptial gifts enhance female reproductive success?

A

Nuptial gifts are a direct benefit for females and increase their reproductive success

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30
Q

How does territory quality affect side-blotched lizard female choice and fitness?

A

Females selected males based on territory quality significant gain

31
Q

Genetic benefits female obtain for offspring by mating with males of HIGH GENETIC QUALITY this is called?

A

Indirect genetic benefits

32
Q

evolutionary process where male trait COEVOLVES with FEMALE PREFERENCE; becomes increasingly exaggerated this is called?

A

Runaway process

33
Q

Well-developed secondary sexual characteristics are costly to survival; accurate signals of fitness this is called

A

Handicap principle

34
Q
A

Good genes

35
Q

How do females assess male quality in frogs

A

GOOD GENES
Most attractive males provide best genes alleles fitness to offspring

36
Q

Male field crickets produce energetically COSTLY courtship songs

A

Females should prefer to mate with males that the greatest expression of SECONDARY SEXUAL TRSITS (song), since those males have the highest levels of IMMUNOCOMPETENCE (male immune system function is a heritable trait)

37
Q

Parasites and pathogens play an important role in sexual selection when secondary sexual traits are costly and condition dependent this is called?

A

Hamilton-zuk hypothesis

38
Q

(good genes and the hamilton-zuk hypothesis)
Females preferred males that produce __________ frequency and duration of HF ticks
- those males had high _________________________ rates

A

1) Higher
2) encapsulation

39
Q

(good genes and the hamilton-zuk hypothesis)
Females can obtain __________________________ (higher immunocompetence level) for their offspring

A

Indirect genetic benefits

40
Q

Mate choice fitness benefits in spiders
What is important of pheromones as signals of male quality in mate choice?

A

Male pheromones function to convey information about quality
-ability to select a mate enhance fitness

41
Q

Phase 2: almost all females chose pheromone of same male in phase 1
-females who mated with preferred males had ____________________, more/heavier eggs, and higher _______________

A

1) larger egg sacks
2) hatch rate

42
Q

Male pheromones function to convey information about quality
-ability to select a mate __________________

A

Enhances fitness

43
Q

captive breeding programs used to ___________________ of endangered species

A

increase population size

44
Q

Allowing individuals to _________________ and ________________ should both be considered in programs

A

1) select a mate
2) genetic diversity

45
Q

male follow mate to prevent mating with rivals this is called

A

mate guarding

46
Q

Offspring of pair bonded female produced by third party male this called

A

extra pair young

47
Q

How affective is mate guarding in warblers?

A

Mate guarding effective for increasing paternity assurance

48
Q

competition between sperm of different males to fertilize eggs this is called

A

sperm competition

49
Q

female influences fertilization success of sperm from one male over others and inbreeding depression this is called

A

cryptic female choice

50
Q

reduction in fitness result of mating with close relatives this is called

A

inbreeding depression

51
Q

Sperm competition in tree swallows
How can males increase paternity assurance?

A

increase in copulation rate results in increased paternity for male

52
Q

Do females avoid inbreeding depression by cryptic female choice?

A

Females display cryptic female choice in regards to matings with siblings reduced inbreeding depression

53
Q

(inbreeding avoidance via cryptic female choice in spiders)
Females display ____________________ in regard to mating with siblings reduce ________________

A

1) cryptic female choice
2) inbreeding depression

54
Q

Multiple behavioral MATING PHENOTYPES in population this is called?

A

Alternative mating tactics

55
Q

Male REMAIN a bourgeois male to INTERCEPT females this is called?

A

Satellite male

56
Q

Competitive males defend nest or territory this is called?

A

Bourgeois male

57
Q

Male tries to avoid detection and enters a bourgeois territory to fertilize eggs this is called

A

sneaker male

58
Q

Use of particular strategy based on condition this is called

A

conditional strategy

59
Q

Strategy that cannot be invaded by another strategy; yields highest fitness this is called

A

Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

60
Q

(Conditional satellite males in tree frogs)
Does male tree frog mating behavior represent a conditional strategy?

A

Males adopt reproductive strategies based on condition

61
Q

(conditional satellite males in tree frogs)
results:
Bourgeois males ___________, produced ______________________ calls than satellite males
Females and satellite males preferred ___________________ calls

A

1) Large
2) lower frequency
3) lowest frequency

62
Q

What is the reproductive success of parental and sneaker male pumpkinseed sunfish?
-Parental _______________ than sneakers
-Parental sired 85% of offspring in nest
-Sneakers rare; reproductive success proportional to ___________
conclusion:
-two strategies have ________________

A

1) larger, older
2) abundance
3) equal fitness

63
Q

(Hormone profiles of parental and sneakers)
Sneaker males had ____________ testosterone and cortisol and ____________ 11-ketotestosterone levels than parental males

A

1) Higher
2) Lower

64
Q

When one individual OBSERVES AND COPIES the mating decisions of another individual this is called?

A

Mate choice copying

65
Q

Do females copy the mate choice of other females?

A

-17/20 females spent more time near male that had been NEAR MODEL FEMALE

66
Q

(Mate choice copying in guppies)
Conclusion:
-Females _________________________ preference to copy mate choice of model female

A

switched mates choice

67
Q

What factors affect the mating behavior of female fruit flies?

A

Female fruit flies spent more time with a non-preferred male after observing female association with him

68
Q

(Mating behavior of female fruit flies)
results:
Pretest-females spent more time near ___________ male
-posttest females that observed model female with low-quality male chose ______________ male

A

1) Higher quality
2) low quality

69
Q

(Mating behavior of female fruit flies)
Female fruit flies mating behavior affected by decisions of ____________________

A

other females

70
Q

Benefits of mate coping
-Increases likelihood of mating with _____________________
-Should only occur when discrimination among potential mates is difficult’
-males ____________-
-females _____________

A

1) higher quality males
2) very similar
3) inexperienced

71
Q

(nonindependent mate choice by male mosquitofish)
Does risk of sperm competition affect mate choice by males?
Results:
-Experiment 1 and 3 -males preferred ________________
-Experiment 2_ focal male spent ____________ with chosen female during last stage

A

1) Larger female
2) Less time

72
Q

(nonindependent mate choice by male mosquitofish)
Does risk of sperm competition affect mate choice by males?
Conclusion:
-male mate choice affected by risk of ____________________

A

sperm competition

73
Q

Are human mate choice preferences influenced by mate choice behavior of others?

A

Women rated attractiveness of men for short and long term relationship
-attractiveness INCREASED for men seen interacting with INTERESTED RIVAL

Animal Behavior (15 decks)

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