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Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 6: Nutritional Genomics > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Nutritional Genomics Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

precision (personalized) health

A

Therapy is tailored to each individual so that nutrition professionals can help clients optimize their health and describe the promise that nutritional genomics brings to the field of nutrition and dietetics

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2
Q

genetics

A

The science of heredity

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3
Q

genomics

A

Focuses on the full set of an organism’s genes and how genes interact with each other and with the environment

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4
Q

genome

A

The full set of an organism’s genes

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5
Q

gene

A

Basic unit of heredity

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic code of humans

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7
Q

nucleotide

A

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

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8
Q

genotype

A

The unique nucleotide sequence of DNA of an individual

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9
Q

intervening sequences

A

Long stretches of nucleotides found between genes along the chromosome. Compose the majority of DNA in humans

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10
Q

chromosomes

A

Formed by wrapping DNA tightly around specific proteins called histones. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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11
Q

histones

A

Any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin.

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12
Q

autosomes

A

One of the 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes that most of us carry in almost all of the cells of our body.

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13
Q

sex chromosome

A

A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds

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14
Q

transcription

A

The decoding process

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15
Q

coding region

A

AKA structural region. Contains the encoded information for synthesizing that gene’s protein.

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16
Q

exons

A

Correspond to the order of the amino acids in the gene’s protein product

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17
Q

introns

A

Sequences that are interspersed between exons and do not code for amino acids needed for synthesizing proteins

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18
Q

regulatory region

A

Controls the ability of the polymerase to attach to the promoter, thereby influencing whether transcription occurs

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19
Q

response elements

A

DNA sequences that serve as binding sites for regulatory proteins such as transcription factors and their bound ligands

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20
Q

transcription factors

A

Proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.

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21
Q

ligand

A

A molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule

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22
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Introns have been removed and the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is ready to be translated into the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein

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23
Q

translation

A

Protein synthesis process

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24
Q

codon

A

Set of 3 nucleotides which specifies a particular amino acid and its position within the protein

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25
Q

transcriptomics

A

The study of the transcripts produced: the types of transcripts genome-wide and the amount produced

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26
Q

proteomics

A

Focuses in part on identifying the protein encoded by each gene, the protein’s function, and the effect of a mutation in a gene on the structure and function of the encoded protein

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27
Q

metabolomics

A

The study of the substrates and products of metabolism

28
Q

microbiomics

A

Concerns the microbial ecology of body cavities, such as the digestive tract and the oral cavity, another important body cavity in nutrition practice

29
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

Using genomics to analyze the genetic variations in the genes that encode the drug-metabolizing enzymes and using this information to predict a patient’s response to a drug

30
Q

post-translational modifications

A

Most proteins need further processing after translation

31
Q

signal transduction

A

The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell

32
Q

bioactive food components

A

Nonessential biomolecules that are present in foods and exhibit the capacity to modulate one or more metabolic processes

33
Q

epigenetics

A

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

34
Q

epigenomics

A

The study of all of the epigenetic changes in a cell

35
Q

epigenetic marks

A

The characteristics of a cell that determine the gene expression pattern

36
Q

genetic code

A

The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.

37
Q

mendelian genetics

A

The inheritance of traits is governed by a predictable set of rules

38
Q

phenotype

A

An observable/measurable expression of the genotype

39
Q

homozygous

A

When the alleles are the same

40
Q

heterozygous

A

AKA carrier. When the alleles are different

41
Q

dominant

A

If a trait is expressed when only a single copy of a variant allele is present

42
Q

recessive

A

If the trait is not expressed when only a single copy of a variant allele is present

43
Q

penetrance

A

Not everyone who has the gene expresses it in a form that is readily measurable

44
Q

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

Codes for 14 proteins essential to oxidative phosphorylation and energy production and 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs needed for mitochondrial protein synthesis

45
Q

mitochondrial or maternal inheritance

A

A non-mendelian inheritance pattern passed from mother to child as mitochondrial genes are passed from mother to child

46
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A

The transmission of epigenetic markers from one organism to the next

47
Q

germline

A

Egg and sperm

48
Q

somatic

A

Body cells

49
Q

epigenome

A

The genetic markers an individual carries

50
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

Appear to be strongly associated with a particular chronic disorder are typically not sufficient to lead to chronic disease

51
Q

genomic imprinting

A

Epigenetic marks, typically methyl groups, are added in order to silence particular genes in the egg and other genes in the sperm

52
Q

mutations

A

Changes to the DNA. AKA genetic variations or variants

53
Q

polymorphism

A

Multiple different versions of an allele for a specific gene

54
Q

candidate gene approach

A

Focuses on functional variants and positional variants. Used in candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

55
Q

genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

A

Allows the detection of patterns of multiple SNPs associated with a disease and is particularly useful for complex disorders

56
Q

karyotype

A

A visualization of all the chromosomes in picture form

57
Q

nutritional genomics

A

A field of study focused on the interaction between genes, diet, lifestyle factors, and human health

58
Q

nutrigenomics

A

The study of how food affects a person’s genes and how a person’s genes affect the way the body responds to food

59
Q

nutrigenetics

A

A branch of nutritional genomics which aims to identify genetic susceptibility to diseases and genetic variation in the effects of nutrient intake on the genome.

60
Q

rs number

A

Reference SNP cluster ID. Each variant is assigned an rs number

61
Q

ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI)

A

Fosters basic and applied research on the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic and genomic research for individuals, families and communities.

62
Q

Genetic information nondiscrimination act (GINA)

A

Passed in 2008. Ensures that genetic information will not be used to discriminate against Americans with respect to employment or health insurance

63
Q

polygenic

A

Multigene

64
Q

obesogen

A

Environmental pollutants that promote obesity

65
Q

microbiome

A

The genomes of the various microbes but is often used synonymously with the organisms themselves

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

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