Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 39: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 39: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

disability adjusted life year (DALY)

A

Measures the years people live with a disability as well as their shortened lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

Includes the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Includes the nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body, usually both limbs and sometimes the face, that causes the body to slump toward the affected side; it may increase a patient’s risk of aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hemianopsia

A

Blindness in one half of the field of vision. Patients must learn to recognize that they no longer have a normal field of vision and must compensate by turning the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neglect

A

A failure to respond to stimuli on the weakened or paralyzed side of the body; this occurs most often when the right parietal side of the brain suffers an insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

motor strips

A

Posterior portion of the frontal lobe. Control muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

apraxia

A

A person with apraxia may not be able to perform purposeful movements such as independent eating despite a willingness to do so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anosmia

A

Absence of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hyperosmia

A

Increased sensitivity to smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dysosmia

A

Distortion of normal smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

aphasia

A

The inability to process language. Loss of language or expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cortical blindness

A

In this condition people are unaware that they cannot see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

The pressure within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hydrocephalus

A

A condition of increased intracranial pressure that may quickly result in death due to increased accumulation of fluid in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

The most common pathologic condition in this region. Some examples of spinal cord abnormalities include multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic sclerosis, tumor, syrinx, chronic meningitis, vascular insufficiency, and mass legions of the epidural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

A

Often a complication of pituitary gland and hypothalamus lesions. Volume status and hyponatremia are part of the medical diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI)

A

IDDSI has created a system for naming, describing, and testing various texture modifications for liquids and solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

speech-language pathologists (SLPs)

A

A group of professionals knowledgeable about swallowing difficulties and other speech related topics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

May result from the bacteria in saliva that is carried into the lungs; a common misconception is that pneumonia results from the food or liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

aspiration

A

Inhalation of foreign material, such as food and liquid, into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Frazier Free Water Protocol

A

Allows for drinking water in those who otherwise require thickened liquids, is being increasingly used in long-term care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)

A

Severe and acute thiamin deficiency and its neurological effect occur secondary to alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

A

Occurs either when the brain’s blood supply is interrupted, or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

Brief attacks of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin with no persistent neurologic defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

embolic stroke

A

Occurs when a cholesterol plaque is dislodged from a proximal vessel, travels to the brain, and blocks an artery, most commonly the middle cerebral artery (MCA)

28
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

A cholesterol plaque within an artery ruptures, and platelets subsequently aggregate to clog an already narrowed artery

29
Q

thromboembolic event

A

Most strokes are incited by a thromboembolic event, which may be aggravated by atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and gout

30
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

When a vessel inside the brain ruptures

31
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

A

Occurs commonly as a result of head trauma but more often as a result of a ruptured aneurysm of a vessel in the subarachnoid space

32
Q

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

Any of the following, alone or in combination: brain injury, skull fractures, extraparenchymal hemorrhage-epidural, subarachnoid-or hemorrhage into the brain itself, including intraparenchymal or intraventricular hemorrhage

33
Q

concussion

A

A brief loss of consciousness, less than 6 hours, with no damage found on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans

34
Q

contusion

A

Characterized by damaged capillaries and swelling, followed by resolution of the damage

35
Q

diffuse axonal injury

A

Results from the shearing of axons by a rotational acceleration of the brain inside the skull. Damaged areas are often found in the corpus callosum and the upper, outer portion of the brainstem

36
Q

subdermal hematomas

A

Often corrected by surgical intervention. The volume of these lesions often displaces the brain tissue and may cause diffuse axonal injury and swelling. When the lesion becomes large enough, it may cause herniation of brain contents through various openings of the skull base. Consequent compression and ischemia of vital brain structures often rapidly lead to death

37
Q

basilar skull fractures

A

Bone breaks at the skull base, are manifested by otorrhea or rhinorrhea

38
Q

otorrhea

A

Fluid leaking from the ear

39
Q

rhinorrhea

A

Salty fluid dripping from the nose or down the pharynx

40
Q

epidural hematoma

A

Presents with progressively decreasing consciousness after an interval of several hours during which the patient had only a brief loss of consciousness

41
Q

glasgow coma scale

A

Based on a 15-point scale for estimating and categorizing the outcomes of brain injury based on overall social capability or dependence on others

42
Q

spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

Defined as a lesion in which there is no preservation of motor or sensory function more than three segments below the level of the injury

43
Q

tetraplegia

A

Exists when the injury to the spinal cord affects all four extremities

44
Q

paraplegia

A

When the SCI location results in only lower extremity involvement

45
Q

adrenomyeloleukodystrophy (ALD)

A

A rare congenital enzyme deficiency that affects the metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). This leads to accumulation of VLCFAs in the brain and adrenal glands

46
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

A result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation.

47
Q

adrenomyeloneuropathy

A

The adult variant of ALD has chronic distal axonopathy of spinal cord and peripheral nerves marked by cerebral inflammatory demyelination; head trauma is an environmental factor that is detrimental in those people genetically at risk

48
Q

dysrthria

A

Impairment of the neuromuscular system for the production of speech

49
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

The most common form of dementia

50
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

AKA Lou Gehrig’s disease. A progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor neurons in the CNS.

51
Q

epilepsy

A

A chronic condition characterized by unprovoked, recurring seizures

52
Q

seizures

A

Abnormal electrical activity of a group of neurons

53
Q

tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

A

Most common image of a convulsive seizure, yet numerous classifications of seizures, each with a different and less dramatic clinical presentation exist. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure typically involves the entire brain cortex from its beginning phases

54
Q

absence seizure (petit mal)

A

Generalized in nature. Patients with absence seizures may appear to be daydreaming during an episode, they recover consciousness within a few seconds and have no postictal fatigue or disorientation

55
Q

partial seizures

A

Occur when there is a discrete focus of epileptogenic brain tissue. A simple partial seizure involves no loss of consciousness, whereas a complex partial seizure is characterized by a change in consciousness

56
Q

ketogenic diet

A

Has been in existence since the 1920s, is a well established nonpharmacologic treatment for epilepsy

57
Q

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)

A

Chronic acquired immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the PNS. Rare autoimmune disorders that damages the nerves, causing muscle weakness, and in severe cases, paralysis

58
Q

parasthesia

A

Numbness and tingling

59
Q

myelin

A

Specialized fatty insulation that envelops the conducting part of the nerve, the axon

60
Q

areflexia

A

Absence of reflexes

61
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

The most well known autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction

62
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

The site on the striated muscle membrane where a spinal motor neuron connects. Here the signal from the nerve is carried to the muscle via a submicron-size gap: a synapse

63
Q

deglutory dysfunction

A

Swallowing irregularity

64
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the CNS and is one of the most common causes of nontraumatic disability among young and middle-aged adults

65
Q

parkinson’s disease (PD)

A

A progressive, disabling, neurodegenerative disease, first described by James Parkinson in 1817. Characterized by motor system dysfunction, seen as trembling hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigid or stiff limbs and trunk; bradykinesia or slow movement and impaired balance and coordination

66
Q

lewy bodies

A

Clumps of specific substances within brain cells, are microscopic markers of Parkinson’s disease (PD)

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions