Chapter 39: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders Flashcards
disability adjusted life year (DALY)
Measures the years people live with a disability as well as their shortened lifespan
central nervous system (CNS)
Includes the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Includes the nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body
hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body, usually both limbs and sometimes the face, that causes the body to slump toward the affected side; it may increase a patient’s risk of aspiration
hemianopsia
Blindness in one half of the field of vision. Patients must learn to recognize that they no longer have a normal field of vision and must compensate by turning the head
neglect
A failure to respond to stimuli on the weakened or paralyzed side of the body; this occurs most often when the right parietal side of the brain suffers an insult
motor strips
Posterior portion of the frontal lobe. Control muscle movement
apraxia
A person with apraxia may not be able to perform purposeful movements such as independent eating despite a willingness to do so
anosmia
Absence of smell
hyperosmia
Increased sensitivity to smell
dysosmia
Distortion of normal smell
aphasia
The inability to process language. Loss of language or expression.
cortical blindness
In this condition people are unaware that they cannot see
intracranial pressure (ICP)
The pressure within the brain
hydrocephalus
A condition of increased intracranial pressure that may quickly result in death due to increased accumulation of fluid in the brain
spinal cord injury (SCI)
The most common pathologic condition in this region. Some examples of spinal cord abnormalities include multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic sclerosis, tumor, syrinx, chronic meningitis, vascular insufficiency, and mass legions of the epidural space
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Often a complication of pituitary gland and hypothalamus lesions. Volume status and hyponatremia are part of the medical diagnosis
dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI)
IDDSI has created a system for naming, describing, and testing various texture modifications for liquids and solids
speech-language pathologists (SLPs)
A group of professionals knowledgeable about swallowing difficulties and other speech related topics.
aspiration pneumonia
May result from the bacteria in saliva that is carried into the lungs; a common misconception is that pneumonia results from the food or liquid
aspiration
Inhalation of foreign material, such as food and liquid, into the lungs
Frazier Free Water Protocol
Allows for drinking water in those who otherwise require thickened liquids, is being increasingly used in long-term care
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
Severe and acute thiamin deficiency and its neurological effect occur secondary to alcoholism
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
Occurs either when the brain’s blood supply is interrupted, or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Brief attacks of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin with no persistent neurologic defect
embolic stroke
Occurs when a cholesterol plaque is dislodged from a proximal vessel, travels to the brain, and blocks an artery, most commonly the middle cerebral artery (MCA)
thrombotic stroke
A cholesterol plaque within an artery ruptures, and platelets subsequently aggregate to clog an already narrowed artery
thromboembolic event
Most strokes are incited by a thromboembolic event, which may be aggravated by atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and gout
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
When a vessel inside the brain ruptures
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Occurs commonly as a result of head trauma but more often as a result of a ruptured aneurysm of a vessel in the subarachnoid space
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Any of the following, alone or in combination: brain injury, skull fractures, extraparenchymal hemorrhage-epidural, subarachnoid-or hemorrhage into the brain itself, including intraparenchymal or intraventricular hemorrhage
concussion
A brief loss of consciousness, less than 6 hours, with no damage found on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
contusion
Characterized by damaged capillaries and swelling, followed by resolution of the damage
diffuse axonal injury
Results from the shearing of axons by a rotational acceleration of the brain inside the skull. Damaged areas are often found in the corpus callosum and the upper, outer portion of the brainstem
subdermal hematomas
Often corrected by surgical intervention. The volume of these lesions often displaces the brain tissue and may cause diffuse axonal injury and swelling. When the lesion becomes large enough, it may cause herniation of brain contents through various openings of the skull base. Consequent compression and ischemia of vital brain structures often rapidly lead to death
basilar skull fractures
Bone breaks at the skull base, are manifested by otorrhea or rhinorrhea
otorrhea
Fluid leaking from the ear
rhinorrhea
Salty fluid dripping from the nose or down the pharynx
epidural hematoma
Presents with progressively decreasing consciousness after an interval of several hours during which the patient had only a brief loss of consciousness
glasgow coma scale
Based on a 15-point scale for estimating and categorizing the outcomes of brain injury based on overall social capability or dependence on others
spinal cord injury (SCI)
Defined as a lesion in which there is no preservation of motor or sensory function more than three segments below the level of the injury
tetraplegia
Exists when the injury to the spinal cord affects all four extremities
paraplegia
When the SCI location results in only lower extremity involvement
adrenomyeloleukodystrophy (ALD)
A rare congenital enzyme deficiency that affects the metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). This leads to accumulation of VLCFAs in the brain and adrenal glands
peripheral neuropathy
A result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation.
adrenomyeloneuropathy
The adult variant of ALD has chronic distal axonopathy of spinal cord and peripheral nerves marked by cerebral inflammatory demyelination; head trauma is an environmental factor that is detrimental in those people genetically at risk
dysrthria
Impairment of the neuromuscular system for the production of speech
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
The most common form of dementia
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
AKA Lou Gehrig’s disease. A progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor neurons in the CNS.
epilepsy
A chronic condition characterized by unprovoked, recurring seizures
seizures
Abnormal electrical activity of a group of neurons
tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
Most common image of a convulsive seizure, yet numerous classifications of seizures, each with a different and less dramatic clinical presentation exist. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure typically involves the entire brain cortex from its beginning phases
absence seizure (petit mal)
Generalized in nature. Patients with absence seizures may appear to be daydreaming during an episode, they recover consciousness within a few seconds and have no postictal fatigue or disorientation
partial seizures
Occur when there is a discrete focus of epileptogenic brain tissue. A simple partial seizure involves no loss of consciousness, whereas a complex partial seizure is characterized by a change in consciousness
ketogenic diet
Has been in existence since the 1920s, is a well established nonpharmacologic treatment for epilepsy
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Chronic acquired immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the PNS. Rare autoimmune disorders that damages the nerves, causing muscle weakness, and in severe cases, paralysis
parasthesia
Numbness and tingling
myelin
Specialized fatty insulation that envelops the conducting part of the nerve, the axon
areflexia
Absence of reflexes
myasthenia gravis (MG)
The most well known autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction
neuromuscular junction
The site on the striated muscle membrane where a spinal motor neuron connects. Here the signal from the nerve is carried to the muscle via a submicron-size gap: a synapse
deglutory dysfunction
Swallowing irregularity
multiple sclerosis (MS)
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the CNS and is one of the most common causes of nontraumatic disability among young and middle-aged adults
parkinson’s disease (PD)
A progressive, disabling, neurodegenerative disease, first described by James Parkinson in 1817. Characterized by motor system dysfunction, seen as trembling hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigid or stiff limbs and trunk; bradykinesia or slow movement and impaired balance and coordination
lewy bodies
Clumps of specific substances within brain cells, are microscopic markers of Parkinson’s disease (PD)
