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Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 34: Medical Therapy for Renal Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 34: Medical Therapy for Renal Disorders Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ultrafiltrate

A

A fluid produces by the kidney. Further processing of the ultrafiltrate creates urine

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2
Q

vasopressin aka antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A small peptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary, which is also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

oliguri

A

Urinary volume of less than 500 mL/day

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4
Q

creatinine (Cr)

A

A nitrogenous waste present in urea

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5
Q

azotemia

A

If normal waste products are not eliminated appropriately, they collect in abnormal quantities in the blood

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6
Q

renal failure

A

The inability to excrete the daily load of wastes

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7
Q

renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

A major control of blood pressure

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8
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone produced by the kidney. It is a critical determinant of erythroid activity in the bone marrow.

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9
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

A highly prevalent disease worldwide. AKA kidney stones

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10
Q

hyperoxaluria

A

Occurs when you have too much oxalate in your urine. Oxalate is a natural chemical in your body, and it’s also found in certain types of food. But too much oxalate in your urine can cause serious problems

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11
Q

hypercalciuria

A

Describes a value of calcium in excess of 300 mg/day in men, 250 mg/day in women

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12
Q

idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH)

A

A familial disorder characterized by abnormal serum calcium in the absence of known causes of hypercalciuria.

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13
Q

renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

A

An acidosis accompanied by hypokalemia

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14
Q

acute kidney injury (AKI)

A

Characterized by a sudden reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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15
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

The amount of filtrate per unit in the nephrons, and altered ability of the kidney to excrete the daily production of metabolic waste

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16
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

A measure of how well the kidneys are working

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17
Q

renal replacement therapy (RRT)

A

Replaces nonendocrine kidney function in patients with renal failure and is occasionally used for some forms of poisoning.

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18
Q

hemodialysis (HD)

A

Procedure where a dialysis machine and a special filter called an artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood.

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19
Q

continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)

A

CRRT is done 24 hours a day to slowly and continuously clean out waste products and fluid from the patient. It requires special anticoagulation to keep the dialysis circuit from clotting.

20
Q

continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH)

A

A temporary treatment for patients with acute renal failure who are unable to tolerate hemodialysis and are unstable.

21
Q

continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD)

A

An effective treatment of choice applicable to all critically ill unstable patients

22
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

The progressive loss of function of the kidneys

23
Q

estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

A

An estimate of the rate at which the kidneys are filtering waste

24
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

A group of blood pressure medications

25
Q

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

A

A group of medication used in treatment of chronic kidney disease

26
Q

kidney dialysis outcome quality initiative (KDOQI)

A

Establish national renal guidelines

27
Q

kidney disease improving global outcomes (KDIGO)

A

Establish international renal guidelines

28
Q

phosphate binders

A

A group of medications often used in treatment of chronic kidney disease

29
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

Reflects the kidney’s inability to excrete waste products, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and produce certain hormones

30
Q

fistula

A

A surgically created connection between an artery and a vein

31
Q

graft

A

An artificial vessel that may be implanted surgically

32
Q

dialysate

A

A nonsterile aqueous electrolyte solution that is similar to the normal levels of electrolytes found in extracellular fluid with the exception of the buffer bicarbonate and potassium

33
Q

kinetic modeling

A

A method for evaluating the efficacy of dialysis that measures the removal of urea from the patient’s blood over a given time period

34
Q

Kt/V

A

A formula used to evaluate dialysis. K is the urea clearance of the dialyzer, t is the length of time of dialysis, and V is the patient’s total body water volume

35
Q

urea reduction ratio (URR)

A

A method to determine effective dialysis treatment. This method looks at the reduction in urea before and after dialysis

36
Q

protein-nitrogen appearance (PNA) rate

A

Compares to a simplified nitrogen balance study in the dialysis patient.

37
Q

renal osteodystrophy

A

A metabolic bone disease categorized into four types: osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa cystica, metastatic calcification, or adynamic (low-turnover) bone disease

38
Q

osteomalacia

A

Softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

39
Q

osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

A skeletal disorder caused by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone from the overactive parathyroid glands.

40
Q

metastatic calcification

A

The deposition of calcium salts in previously normal tissue

41
Q

adynamic (low turn-over) bone disease

A

A histological condition found in uremic patients. It is characterized by low bone resorption and formation, and, in contrast to osteomalacia, the amount of osteoid tissue is normal or low.

42
Q

calciphylaxis

A

Occurs when calcium phosphate is deposited in wound tissues with resultant vascular calcification, thrombosis, nonhealing wounds, and gangrene

43
Q

recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO)

A

A synthetic form of EPO used to treat the anemia of chronic renal failure

44
Q

intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN)

A

Can be administered to support a patient’s nutritional status. Administered typically through a connection to the venous side of the extracorporeal circuit during dialysis

45
Q

intraperitoneal nutrition (IPN)

A

A method of nutrition support for peritoneal dialysis patients. This method uses a peritoneal dialysate solution that contains amino acids instead of dextrose

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

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