Chapter 40: Medical Nutrition Therapy in Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders Flashcards
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
A complicated disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months and that can’t be fully explained by an underlying medical condition.
fibromyalgia (FMS)
A condition that causes pain all over the body (also referred to as widespread pain), sleep problems, fatigue, and often emotional and mental distress
serotonin
Key hormone that stabilizes our mood, feelings of well-being, and happiness. This hormone impacts your entire body. It enables brain cells and other nervous system cells to communicate with each other. Serotonin also helps with sleeping, eating, and digestion.
norepinephrine
A naturally occurring chemical in the body that acts as both a stress hormone and neurotransmitter (a substance that sends signals between nerve cells). It’s released into the blood as a stress hormone when the brain perceives that a stressful event has occurred
epinephrine
A hormone that is the principal blood-pressure raising hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands, is prepared from adrenal extracts or made synthetically, and is used medicinally especially to stimulate the heart during cardiac arrest and to treat life-threatening allergic reactions. AKA adrenaline
glutamate
A neurotransmitter that sends signals in the brain and throughout the nerves in the body. Glutamate plays an important role during brain development. Normal levels of glutamate also help with learning and memory.
enteric nervous system (ENS)
The intrinsic nervous system of the gut, made up of an extensive network of neurons that lines the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
leaky gut (intestinal hypermeability)
A condition that creates gaps in the lining of the intestinal walls. These gaps allow food particles, bacteria, and waste products to seep directly into the bloodstream.
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
An omega-3 fatty acid. EPA is used as a prescription medicine to reduce triglyceride levels. As a supplement, EPA is most commonly used for heart disease, preventing adverse events after a heart attack, and depression.
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
An omega-3 fatty acid. DHA plays a key role in the development of eye and nerve tissues. DHA might also reduce the risk of heart and circulatory disease by decreasing the thickness of the blood, reducing swelling (inflammation), and lowering blood levels of triglycerides
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
A plant-based source of omega-3. Alpha-linolenic acid is thought to decrease the risk of heart disease by helping to maintain normal heart rhythm and pumping. It might also reduce blood clots.
arachidonic acid (ARA)
An omega-6 fatty acid. Serves as a precursor to the eicosanoids prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which are involved with inflammation, vasoconstriction, and a multitude of metabolic regulations and also influence mood.
neurotransmission
Brain cells communicating with each other
addiction
The persistent compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful
alcoholism
Addiction to alcohol
dopamine
The master pleasure molecule
adverse childhood experience (ACE)
Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood
anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
amygdala
Part of the brain that processes fear-related stimuli and then signals other parts of the brain to fire and release norepinephrine; corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which ultimately stimulates elevated cortisol levels; and other excitatory components of the sympathetic nervous system
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)
Defines and classifies mental disorders in order to improve diagnoses, treatment, and research.
bipolar disorder
A disorder in which people experience episodes of an elevated or agitated mood known as mania alternating with episodes of depression
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
An intermediate stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more serious decline of dementia
dementia
A serious loss of cognitive ability characterized by memory loss.
vascular dementia
Caused by poor circulation to the brain and multiple ministrokes that are called transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
MIND diet
Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay has been found to substantially slow cognitive decline with aging.
synaptic plasticity
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time
advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
AKA glycotoxins, are a diverse group of highly oxidant compounds created through a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and free amino groups of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids
major depressive disorder (MDD)
Associated with severe and persistent symptoms, leading to social role impairment and increased mortality, making it the leading cause of disability worldwide
serotonin syndrome
The brain levels of serotonin are too high. Serotonin syndrome encompasses a wide range of clinical findings
schizophrenia
A severe mental disorder that presents as psychosis, often with paranoia and delusions
schizoaffective disorder
A diagnosis requires that a person meet all of the criteria for schizophrenia and all of the criteria for an episode of bipolar disorder or depression, with the exception of impaired function
