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Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 5: Clinical: Biochemical, Physical, and Functional Assessment > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Clinical: Biochemical, Physical, and Functional Assessment Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

analyte

A

A substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured

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2
Q

basic metabolic panel (BMP)

A

A test that includes eight different measurements. It provides information about your metabolism

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3
Q

comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)

A

A blood test with 14 different measurements. It is often used to evaluate liver function, kidney function, and nutrient levels

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4
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

A blood test that provides the count of the cells in the blood and description of the RBCs

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5
Q

differential count

A

A blood test that gives the relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal white blood cell populations (eg, blasts, immature granulocytes, and circulating lymphoma cells in the peripheral blood)

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6
Q

urinalysis

A

Testing of the urine. Used as a screening or diagnostic tool to detect substances or cellular material in the urine associated with different metabolic and kidney disorders.

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7
Q

dehydration

A

Excessive loss of water and electrolytes often from vomiting; diarrhea; excessive laxative abuse; diuretics; fistulas; GI suction; polyuria; fever; excessive sweating; or decreased intake caused by anorexia, nausea, depression or limited access to fluids

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8
Q

edema

A

Overhydration. Occurs when there is an increase in the extracellular fluid volume. The fluid shifts from the extracellular compartment to the interstitial fluid

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9
Q

inflammation

A

A protective response by the immune system to infection, acute illness, trauma, toxins, many chronic diseases, and physical stress

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10
Q

positive acute-phase reactants

A

Inflammation markers that exhibit significant changes in serum concentration during inflammation. Positive acute phase reactants are upregulated, and their concentrations increase during inflammation.Positive acute phase reactants include procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, hepcidin, and serum amyloid A.

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11
Q

negative acute-phase reactants

A

Inflammation markers that exhibit significant changes in serum concentration during inflammation. Negative acute phase reactants are downregulated, and their concentrations decrease during inflammation.Negative acute phase reactants include albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, and antithrombin

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12
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

A nonspecific marker of inflammation that may help estimate and monitor the severity of the illness

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13
Q

high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP)

A

A more sensitive measure of chronic inflammation seen in patients with atherosclerosis and other chronic disease

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14
Q

ferritin

A

A positive acute-phase protein, meaning that synthesis of ferritin increases in the presence of inflammation. Ferritin is not a reliable indicator of iron stores in patients with acute inflammation, uremia, metastatic cancer, or alcoholic-related liver diseases

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15
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

Reflects the rate at which RBCs settle into columns or stacks in saline or plasma within a given time period

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16
Q

albumin

A

Responsible for transport of major blood constituents, hormones, enzymes, medications, minerals, ions, fatty acids, amino acids and metabolites

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17
Q

prealbumin (PAB) aka transthyretin (TTHY)

A

Hepatic protein transported in the serum as a complex of retinol-binding protein and vitamin-A. It transports the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T4), along with T4-binding globulin.

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18
Q

retinol-binding protein (RBP)

A

A small plasma protein that does not pass through the renal glomerulus because it circulates in a complex with PAB

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19
Q

retinol

A

An animal form of Vitamin A. Retinol is converted from retinyl palmitate which is found in beef, chicken liver, eggs, fish liver oils, and dairy products including whole milk, whole mild yogurt and cottage cheese, butter, and cheese. (The plant based Vitamin A source is beta-carotene.) Vitamin A is essential to vision, especially night vision, bone and tooth development, reproduction, skin and mucous membranes

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20
Q

transferrin

A

A globulin protein that transports iron to the bone marrow for production of hemoglobin

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21
Q

hemoglobin (HgB)

A

A protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs

22
Q

hematocrit (Hct)

A

The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

23
Q

microcytic anemia

A

The presence of small, often hypochromic, red blood cells in a peripheral blood smear and is usually characterized by a low MCV (less than 83 micron 3). Iron deficiency is the most common cause of microcytic anemia.

24
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

A type of anemia that causes unusually large red blood cells. Like other types of anemia, macrocytic anemia means that the red blood cells also have low hemoglobin. Generally caused by either folate or vitamin B12 deficient erythropoiesis.

25
Q

anemia of chronic and inflammatory disease (ACD)

A

A type of anemia associated with autoimmune diseases, rheumatic diseases, chronic heart failure, chronic infections, Hodgkin’s disease and other types of cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disease and other chronic inflammatory conditions, severe tissue injury and multiple fractures. ACD does not respond to iron supplementation.

26
Q

serum iron

A

Measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin. However, it is a relatively poor index of iron status because of large day-to-day changes, even in healthy individuals

27
Q

total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)

A

A direct measure of all proteins available to bind mobile iron and depends on the number of free binding sites on the plasma iron-transport protein transferrin.

28
Q

homocysteine

A

An amino acid. Vitamins B12, B6 and folate break down homocysteine to create other chemicals your body needs.

29
Q

methylmalonic acid (MMA)

A

A substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

30
Q

25 hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D3)

A

The major circulating form of vitamin D. Thus, the total serum 25(OH)D level is currently considered the best indicator of vitamin D supply to the body from cutaneous synthesis and nutritional intake.

31
Q

osteocalcin

A

A bone turnover marker, may also be used to assess vitamin K status

32
Q

creatinine

A

Formed from creatine, found almost exclusively in muscle tissue. Serum creatinine is used along with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to assess kidney function.

33
Q

hemoglobin A1C (HgbA1C)

A

The percent of glycohemoglobin in the blood is related directly to the average blood glucose levels for the preceding 2 to 3 months and does not reflect more recent changes in glucose levels.

34
Q

anthropometry

A

Involves obtaining physical measurements of an individual, comparing them to standards that reflect the growth and development of that individual, and using them to evaluate overnutrition, undernutrition, or the effects of nutrition preventions over a period of time

35
Q

height for age

A

Used to define shortness or tallness

36
Q

length for age

A

Used to define shortness or tallness

37
Q

weight for age

A

Reflects body weight relative to age and is influenced by recent changes in health or nutritional status. It is not used to classify children and teens as under or overweight. However, it is important to help explain changes in BMI-for-age in older children.

38
Q

weight for length

A

Weight-for-length corresponds to body-mass-index-for-age (BMI) in older children.

39
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

A person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. BMI is an inexpensive and easy screening method for weight category—underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity.

40
Q

usual body weight (UBW)

A

Body weight value used to compare a person’s current weight with his or her own baseline weight. The UBW may be a more realistic goal than the ideal body weight for some individuals.

41
Q

ideal body weight (IBW)

A

The optimal weight associated with maximum life expectancy for a given height

42
Q

body composition

A

A critical component of nutrition assessment and medical status. It is used concurrently with other assessment factors to differentiate the estimated proportions of fat mass, soft tissue body mass, and bone mass

43
Q

head circumference

A

Measurements that are useful in children younger than 3 years old, primarily as an indicator of nonnutritional abnormalities

44
Q

midarm circumference (MAC)

A

Measured in centimeters halfway between the acromion process of the scapula and the olecranon process at the tip of the elbow

45
Q

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

A

Estimates body composition and cellular activity by measuring the bulk of the electrical impedance in the body

46
Q

triceps skin fold (TSF)

A

Measurements that allow indirect determination of the arm muscle area and arm fat area which can be tracked against a standard and used as an assessment of malnutrition

47
Q

waist circumference (WC)

A

Obtained by measuring the distance around the narrowest area of the waist between the lowest rib and iliac crest and above the umbilicus using a nonstretchable tape measure

48
Q

waist to hip ration (WHR)

A

Divide the waist measurements by the hip measurement. The WHO defines the ratios of greater than 9.0 in men and 8.5 in women as one of the decisive benchmarks for metabolic syndrome and is consistent with findings of research predicting all cause and cardiovascular disease mortality

49
Q

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Measures fat, bone, mineral and fat-free soft tissue.

50
Q

air displacement plethysmogram (ADP)

A

Relies on measurements of body density to estimate body fat and fat-free masses

51
Q

functional medicine

A

An evolving, evidence-based discipline that sees the body with its mutually interactive systems as a whole, rather than as a set of isolated signs and symptoms

52
Q

functional nutrition assessment

A

Acknowledges the web-like interconnectedness of internal physiologic factors and identifies root causes of chronic disease by integrating traditional dietetic practice with nutritional genomics, the restoration of gastrointestinal function, the quelling of chronic inflammation and the interpretation of nutritional biomarkers

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

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