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Medical Nutrition Therapy > Chapter 35: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Survivorship > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Survivorship Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

carcinogenesis

A

Origin or development of cancer

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2
Q

oncology

A

Branch of medicine that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer

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3
Q

oncogenes

A

Altered genes that promote tumor growth and inhibit apoptosis

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4
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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5
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

The opposite of oncogenes; these genes become deactivated in cancer cells

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6
Q

mutations

A

Inherited genetic alterations

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7
Q

carcinogen

A

A physical, chemical, or viral agent that induces cancer

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8
Q

carcinogenesis

A

A biologic, multistage process that proceeds on the continuum in three distinct phases: initiation, promotion, and progression

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9
Q

inititiation

A

Involves transformation of cells produced by the interaction of chemicals, radiation, or viruses with cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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10
Q

promotion

A

Initiated cells multiply and escape the mechanisms set in place to protect the body from uncontrolled growth and spread

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11
Q

neoplasm

A

New and abnormal tissue with no useful function

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12
Q

progression

A

Tumor cells aggregate and grown into a fully malignant neoplasm or tumor

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13
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

Tumor

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14
Q

tumor angiogenesis

A

Occurs when tumors are able to develop new blood vessels needed for their growth and metastasis

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15
Q

metastasis

A

The neoplasm has the capacity for invasion that can spread to distant tissues and organs

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16
Q

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

A

Form on the surface of meat when grilling at high temperature. Example of a dietary carcinogen

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17
Q

antioxidants

A

Vitamins C, carotenoids, vitamin E, selenium, zinc. ABle to inhibit dietary carcinogens

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18
Q

phytochemicals

A

Biologically active components of plants

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19
Q

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

A

A polypeptide secreted primarily by the liver and plays a key role in normal growth and development

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20
Q

mitogen

A

A chemical substance that encourages cells to divide, that may promote growth and reproduction of cancer cells while inhibiting apoptosis

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21
Q

bisphenol A (BPA)

A

An industrial chemical used since the 1960s in the manufacturing of may hard, plastic bottles and the epoxy lining of metal-based food and beverage cans

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22
Q

chemoprevention

A

Defined as the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of cancer

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23
Q

nutrigenomics

A

The intersection between nutrients and the genome as they impact host health and disease risk

24
Q

tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system

A

Commonly used by oncologists. T stands for the size of the tumor, N stands for nodes or whether it has spread into the lymph nodes, and M stands for metastasis, or whether the cancer has spread to distant organs

25
Q

benign

A

Tumors that are not malignant

26
Q

antineoplastic therapy

A

Chemotherapy, biotherapy, or hormonal therapy

27
Q

chemotherapy

A

The use of chemical agents or medications to systematically treat cancer

28
Q

biotherapy

A

The use of biologic agents to produce anticancer effects indirectly by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an individual’s own immune response

29
Q

antiangiogenic agents

A

Used to inhibit the development of new blood vessels needed by cancers and thus prevent their new growth, invasion, and spread

30
Q

hormonal therapy

A

Systemic therapy used for the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers

31
Q

radiation therapy

A

High-energy ionizing radiation in multiple fractionated doses, or radioactive chemicals to treat cancers

32
Q

palliative care

A

Helps individuals be as comfortable as possible and promotes quality of life

33
Q

hospice

A

Care for individuals with a life expectancy of 6 months or less. It focuses on relieving symptoms, controlling pain, and providing emotional and spiritual support to patients and their family

34
Q

certified specialist in oncology nutrition (CSO)

A

A board certification in oncology nutrition by the Commission on Dietetic Registration

35
Q

neutropenia

A

Reduced white blood cells

36
Q

nutrition impact symptoms

A

Defined as symptoms and side effects of cancer and cancer treatment that directly affect the nutrition status resulting in a depletion of nutrient stores and deterioration in nutrition status

37
Q

xerostomia

A

Dryness of the mouth from decreased saliva

38
Q

cancer cachexia

A

Characterized by progressive weight loss, anorexia, generalized wasting and weakness, immunosuppression, altered basal metabolic rate, and abnormalities in fluid and energy metabolism

39
Q

cytokines

A

Immune modulating agents

40
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha

A

AKA cachectin. Proinflammatory cytokines

41
Q

emetogenic

A

Nausea causing

42
Q

radiation enteritis

A

Inflammation of the GI tract tissues secondary to radiation

43
Q

myelosuppression

A

AKA pancytopenia. Suppression of bone marrow production of neutrophils, platelets, and red blood cells

44
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

Low blood platelet counts

45
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

Tingling and nerve irritation in the hands and feet

46
Q

mucositis

A

An inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the oropharynx and esophagus, mucositis is among the most common debilitating complication of chemotherapy and radiation

47
Q

hematopoietic growth factors

A

Biotherapy drugs that cause blood cells to grow and mature

48
Q

trismus

A

An inability to fully open the mouth

49
Q

osteoradionecrosis

A

Necrosis of the bone caused by exposure to radiation therapy

50
Q

radiation enteritis

A

Inflammation of the intestines that occurs after radiation therapy

51
Q

dumping syndrome

A

Common complication of gastric surgery, manifested by the rapid transit of foods or liquids, and the dilutional response of the small remaining stomach to highly osmotic bolus feedings

52
Q

hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)

A

Commonly referred to as a “stem cell transplant”, is performed for the treatment of certain hematologic cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma

53
Q

pancytopenia

A

Reduction in the cellular components of the blood

54
Q

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

A major complication seen primarily after allogenic transplants, in which the donated “donor” stem cells react against the tissues of the transplant recipient “host”

55
Q

isotonic

A

Mimic the balance of water, salt, and sugar that can be easily taken up by the body as water

Medical Nutrition Therapy (39 decks)

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