Chapter 35: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Survivorship Flashcards
carcinogenesis
Origin or development of cancer
oncology
Branch of medicine that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer
oncogenes
Altered genes that promote tumor growth and inhibit apoptosis
apoptosis
Programmed cell death
tumor suppressor genes
The opposite of oncogenes; these genes become deactivated in cancer cells
mutations
Inherited genetic alterations
carcinogen
A physical, chemical, or viral agent that induces cancer
carcinogenesis
A biologic, multistage process that proceeds on the continuum in three distinct phases: initiation, promotion, and progression
inititiation
Involves transformation of cells produced by the interaction of chemicals, radiation, or viruses with cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
promotion
Initiated cells multiply and escape the mechanisms set in place to protect the body from uncontrolled growth and spread
neoplasm
New and abnormal tissue with no useful function
progression
Tumor cells aggregate and grown into a fully malignant neoplasm or tumor
malignant neoplasm
Tumor
tumor angiogenesis
Occurs when tumors are able to develop new blood vessels needed for their growth and metastasis
metastasis
The neoplasm has the capacity for invasion that can spread to distant tissues and organs
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Form on the surface of meat when grilling at high temperature. Example of a dietary carcinogen
antioxidants
Vitamins C, carotenoids, vitamin E, selenium, zinc. ABle to inhibit dietary carcinogens
phytochemicals
Biologically active components of plants
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
A polypeptide secreted primarily by the liver and plays a key role in normal growth and development
mitogen
A chemical substance that encourages cells to divide, that may promote growth and reproduction of cancer cells while inhibiting apoptosis
bisphenol A (BPA)
An industrial chemical used since the 1960s in the manufacturing of may hard, plastic bottles and the epoxy lining of metal-based food and beverage cans
chemoprevention
Defined as the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of cancer
nutrigenomics
The intersection between nutrients and the genome as they impact host health and disease risk
tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system
Commonly used by oncologists. T stands for the size of the tumor, N stands for nodes or whether it has spread into the lymph nodes, and M stands for metastasis, or whether the cancer has spread to distant organs
benign
Tumors that are not malignant
antineoplastic therapy
Chemotherapy, biotherapy, or hormonal therapy
chemotherapy
The use of chemical agents or medications to systematically treat cancer
biotherapy
The use of biologic agents to produce anticancer effects indirectly by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an individual’s own immune response
antiangiogenic agents
Used to inhibit the development of new blood vessels needed by cancers and thus prevent their new growth, invasion, and spread
hormonal therapy
Systemic therapy used for the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers
radiation therapy
High-energy ionizing radiation in multiple fractionated doses, or radioactive chemicals to treat cancers
palliative care
Helps individuals be as comfortable as possible and promotes quality of life
hospice
Care for individuals with a life expectancy of 6 months or less. It focuses on relieving symptoms, controlling pain, and providing emotional and spiritual support to patients and their family
certified specialist in oncology nutrition (CSO)
A board certification in oncology nutrition by the Commission on Dietetic Registration
neutropenia
Reduced white blood cells
nutrition impact symptoms
Defined as symptoms and side effects of cancer and cancer treatment that directly affect the nutrition status resulting in a depletion of nutrient stores and deterioration in nutrition status
xerostomia
Dryness of the mouth from decreased saliva
cancer cachexia
Characterized by progressive weight loss, anorexia, generalized wasting and weakness, immunosuppression, altered basal metabolic rate, and abnormalities in fluid and energy metabolism
cytokines
Immune modulating agents
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha
AKA cachectin. Proinflammatory cytokines
emetogenic
Nausea causing
radiation enteritis
Inflammation of the GI tract tissues secondary to radiation
myelosuppression
AKA pancytopenia. Suppression of bone marrow production of neutrophils, platelets, and red blood cells
thrombocytopenia
Low blood platelet counts
peripheral neuropathy
Tingling and nerve irritation in the hands and feet
mucositis
An inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the oropharynx and esophagus, mucositis is among the most common debilitating complication of chemotherapy and radiation
hematopoietic growth factors
Biotherapy drugs that cause blood cells to grow and mature
trismus
An inability to fully open the mouth
osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of the bone caused by exposure to radiation therapy
radiation enteritis
Inflammation of the intestines that occurs after radiation therapy
dumping syndrome
Common complication of gastric surgery, manifested by the rapid transit of foods or liquids, and the dilutional response of the small remaining stomach to highly osmotic bolus feedings
hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)
Commonly referred to as a “stem cell transplant”, is performed for the treatment of certain hematologic cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma
pancytopenia
Reduction in the cellular components of the blood
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
A major complication seen primarily after allogenic transplants, in which the donated “donor” stem cells react against the tissues of the transplant recipient “host”
isotonic
Mimic the balance of water, salt, and sugar that can be easily taken up by the body as water
