Chapter 35: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Survivorship

Question 1

carcinogenesis

Answer 1

Origin or development of cancer

Question 2

oncology

Answer 2

Branch of medicine that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer

Question 3

oncogenes

Answer 3

Altered genes that promote tumor growth and inhibit apoptosis

Question 4

apoptosis

Answer 4

Programmed cell death

Question 5

tumor suppressor genes

Answer 5

The opposite of oncogenes; these genes become deactivated in cancer cells

Question 6

mutations

Answer 6

Inherited genetic alterations

Question 7

carcinogen

Answer 7

A physical, chemical, or viral agent that induces cancer

Question 8

carcinogenesis

Answer 8

A biologic, multistage process that proceeds on the continuum in three distinct phases: initiation, promotion, and progression

Question 9

inititiation

Answer 9

Involves transformation of cells produced by the interaction of chemicals, radiation, or viruses with cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 10

promotion

Answer 10

Initiated cells multiply and escape the mechanisms set in place to protect the body from uncontrolled growth and spread

Question 11

neoplasm

Answer 11

New and abnormal tissue with no useful function

Question 12

progression

Answer 12

Tumor cells aggregate and grown into a fully malignant neoplasm or tumor

Question 13

malignant neoplasm

Answer 13

Tumor

Question 14

tumor angiogenesis

Answer 14

Occurs when tumors are able to develop new blood vessels needed for their growth and metastasis

Question 15

metastasis

Answer 15

The neoplasm has the capacity for invasion that can spread to distant tissues and organs

Question 16

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Answer 16

Form on the surface of meat when grilling at high temperature. Example of a dietary carcinogen

Question 17

antioxidants

Answer 17

Vitamins C, carotenoids, vitamin E, selenium, zinc. ABle to inhibit dietary carcinogens

Question 18

phytochemicals

Answer 18

Biologically active components of plants

Question 19

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

Answer 19

A polypeptide secreted primarily by the liver and plays a key role in normal growth and development

Question 20

mitogen

Answer 20

A chemical substance that encourages cells to divide, that may promote growth and reproduction of cancer cells while inhibiting apoptosis

Question 21

bisphenol A (BPA)

Answer 21

An industrial chemical used since the 1960s in the manufacturing of may hard, plastic bottles and the epoxy lining of metal-based food and beverage cans

Question 22

chemoprevention

Answer 22

Defined as the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of cancer

Question 23

nutrigenomics

Answer 23

The intersection between nutrients and the genome as they impact host health and disease risk

Question 24

tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system

Answer 24

Commonly used by oncologists. T stands for the size of the tumor, N stands for nodes or whether it has spread into the lymph nodes, and M stands for metastasis, or whether the cancer has spread to distant organs

Question 25

benign

Answer 25

Tumors that are not malignant

Question 26

antineoplastic therapy

Answer 26

Chemotherapy, biotherapy, or hormonal therapy

Question 27

chemotherapy

Answer 27

The use of chemical agents or medications to systematically treat cancer

Question 28

biotherapy

Answer 28

The use of biologic agents to produce anticancer effects indirectly by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an individual's own immune response

Question 29

antiangiogenic agents

Answer 29

Used to inhibit the development of new blood vessels needed by cancers and thus prevent their new growth, invasion, and spread

Question 30

hormonal therapy

Answer 30

Systemic therapy used for the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers

Question 31

radiation therapy

Answer 31

High-energy ionizing radiation in multiple fractionated doses, or radioactive chemicals to treat cancers

Question 32

palliative care

Answer 32

Helps individuals be as comfortable as possible and promotes quality of life

Question 33

hospice

Answer 33

Care for individuals with a life expectancy of 6 months or less. It focuses on relieving symptoms, controlling pain, and providing emotional and spiritual support to patients and their family

Question 34

certified specialist in oncology nutrition (CSO)

Answer 34

A board certification in oncology nutrition by the Commission on Dietetic Registration

Question 35

neutropenia

Answer 35

Reduced white blood cells

Question 36

nutrition impact symptoms

Answer 36

Defined as symptoms and side effects of cancer and cancer treatment that directly affect the nutrition status resulting in a depletion of nutrient stores and deterioration in nutrition status

Question 37

xerostomia

Answer 37

Dryness of the mouth from decreased saliva

Question 38

cancer cachexia

Answer 38

Characterized by progressive weight loss, anorexia, generalized wasting and weakness, immunosuppression, altered basal metabolic rate, and abnormalities in fluid and energy metabolism

Question 39

cytokines

Answer 39

Immune modulating agents

Question 40

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha

Answer 40

AKA cachectin. Proinflammatory cytokines

Question 41

emetogenic

Answer 41

Nausea causing

Question 42

radiation enteritis

Answer 42

Inflammation of the GI tract tissues secondary to radiation

Question 43

myelosuppression

Answer 43

AKA pancytopenia. Suppression of bone marrow production of neutrophils, platelets, and red blood cells

Question 44

thrombocytopenia

Answer 44

Low blood platelet counts

Question 45

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 45

Tingling and nerve irritation in the hands and feet

Question 46

mucositis

Answer 46

An inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the oropharynx and esophagus, mucositis is among the most common debilitating complication of chemotherapy and radiation

Question 47

hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 47

Biotherapy drugs that cause blood cells to grow and mature

Question 48

trismus

Answer 48

An inability to fully open the mouth

Question 49

osteoradionecrosis

Answer 49

Necrosis of the bone caused by exposure to radiation therapy

Question 50

radiation enteritis

Answer 50

Inflammation of the intestines that occurs after radiation therapy

Question 51

dumping syndrome

Answer 51

Common complication of gastric surgery, manifested by the rapid transit of foods or liquids, and the dilutional response of the small remaining stomach to highly osmotic bolus feedings

Question 52

hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)

Answer 52

Commonly referred to as a "stem cell transplant", is performed for the treatment of certain hematologic cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma

Question 53

pancytopenia

Answer 53

Reduction in the cellular components of the blood

Question 54

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Answer 54

A major complication seen primarily after allogenic transplants, in which the donated "donor" stem cells react against the tissues of the transplant recipient "host"

Question 55

isotonic

Answer 55

Mimic the balance of water, salt, and sugar that can be easily taken up by the body as water