Chapter 32: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Answer 1

A group of interrelated diseases that include atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure (HF)

Question 2

atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

Answer 2

Involves the narrowing of small blood vessels that oxygenate the heart muscle by the build-up of plaque

Question 3

plaque

Answer 3

The lesion in the blood vessels

Question 4

myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 4

AKA heart attack

Question 5

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 5

AKA stroke

Question 6

endothelial cells

Answer 6

The inner lining of cells

Question 7

nitric oxide (NO)

Answer 7

Nitric oxide is a soluble gas continually synthesized from the amino acid L-arginine in endothelial cells. NO has a wide range of biologic properties that maintain vascular homeostasis

Question 8

foam cell

Answer 8

A type of macrophage that localize to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls

Question 9

fatty streaks

Answer 9

The first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis

Question 10

atheroma

Answer 10

A protective fibrin layer that forms between fatty deposits and the artery lining

Question 11

thrombus

Answer 11

Blood clot

Question 12

angina

Answer 12

Chest pain

Question 13

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 13

A temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke.

Question 14

ischemia

Answer 14

Inadequate blood supply

Question 15

dyslipidemia

Answer 15

A blood lipid profile that increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis

Question 16

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 16

Sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body’s cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke.

Question 17

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 17

Sometimes called “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.

Question 18

lipoproteins

Answer 18

Complex made up of lipids and proteins. Lipids are not water soluble, and so they are carried in the blood bound to a protein in this complex. Lipoproteins are manufactured in the liver, vary in composition, size, and density

Question 19

very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Answer 19

VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides.

Question 20

chylomicrons

Answer 20

Transport dietary fat and cholesterol from the small intestine to the liver and periphery

Question 21

apolipoproteins

Answer 21

Carry lipids in the blood and also control the metabolism of the lipoprotein molecule

Question 22

intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)

Answer 22

Atherogenic and are taken up by receptors on the liver or converted to LDLs.

Question 23

hypertriglyceridemia

Answer 23

High triglyceride levels

Question 24

metabolic syndrome

Answer 24

Triglyceride measurements are now considered along with glucose intolerance, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol and high HDL cholesterol as part of the metabolic syndrome

Question 25

familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

Answer 25

A genetic disorder characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol and premature CVD, with a prevalence of approximately one in 200 to 500 for heterozygotes in North America and Europe

Question 26

xanthomas

Answer 26

Cholesterol deposits from LDL

Question 27

familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL)

Answer 27

The most prevalent primary dyslipidemia. FCHL is characterized by fluctuations in serum lipid concentrations and may present as mixed hyperlipidemia, isolated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or as a normal serum lipid profile in combination with abnormally elevated levels of apolipoprotein B

Question 28

familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

Answer 28

Relatively uncommon. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia

Question 29

angiography aka cardiac catheterization

Answer 29

A more definitive, invasive test in which a dye is injected into the arteries, and radiographic images of the heart are obtained

Question 30

C-reactive protein

Answer 30

Synthesized in the liver as the acute-phase response to inflammation

Question 31

homocysteine

Answer 31

An amino acid metabolite of methionine

Question 32

trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)

Answer 32

A gut microbiota-dependent metabolite that contributes to heart disease. It is produced by the liver after intestinal bacteria have digested animal protein

Question 33

Mediterranean diet (MeD)

Answer 33

Common features of the diet such as greater number of servings of fruits and vegetables with an emphasis on root vegetables and greens, whole grains, fatty fish, lower amounts of red meat and an emphasis on lean meats, lower-fat dairy products, abundant nuts and legumes, and use of olive oil, canola oil, nut oil, or margarine blended with rapeseed oil or flaxseed oil

Question 34

trans fatty acids

Answer 34

Stereoisomers of the naturally occurring cis-linoleic acid

Question 35

bile acid sequestrants

Answer 35

A class of drug that adsorbs bile acids

Question 36

statins

Answer 36

A class of drug that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

Question 37

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)

Answer 37

A class of drug that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

Question 38

hypertension

Answer 38

Persistently high arterial blood pressure, the force exerted per square unit area on the walls of the arteries

Question 39

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

Answer 39

The upper reading in the blood pressure measurement, is the force exerted on the walls of the blood vessels as the heart contracts and pushes blood out of its chambers

Question 40

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

Answer 40

The lower reading in the blood pressure measurement, measures the force as the heart relaxes between contractions

Question 41

essential hypertension

Answer 41

Hypertension of unknown cause

Question 42

secondary hypertension

Answer 42

Hypertension that arises as the result of another disease, usually endocrine

Question 43

blood pressure

Answer 43

The resistance in the blood vessels to the flow of blood

Question 44

renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

Answer 44

Physiological system that regulates blood pressure

Question 45

dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH)

Answer 45

A dietary pattern emphasizing fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, lean meats, and nuts

Question 46

heart failure (HF)

Answer 46

The heart cannot provide adequate blood flow to the rest of the body

Question 47

dyspnea

Answer 47

Shortness of breath

Question 48

B-natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Answer 48

Secreted by the ventricles in response to pressure and is predictive of the severity of HF and mortality at any level of BMI

Question 49

cardiac cachexia

Answer 49

The end result of heart failure in 10% to 15% of patients. It is defined as involuntary weight loss of at least 6% of nonedematous body weight during a 6-month period

Question 50

left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)

Answer 50

Enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart

Question 51

edema

Answer 51

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues