Chapter 32: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A group of interrelated diseases that include atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure (HF)
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)
Involves the narrowing of small blood vessels that oxygenate the heart muscle by the build-up of plaque
plaque
The lesion in the blood vessels
myocardial infarction (MI)
AKA heart attack
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
AKA stroke
endothelial cells
The inner lining of cells
nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric oxide is a soluble gas continually synthesized from the amino acid L-arginine in endothelial cells. NO has a wide range of biologic properties that maintain vascular homeostasis
foam cell
A type of macrophage that localize to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls
fatty streaks
The first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis
atheroma
A protective fibrin layer that forms between fatty deposits and the artery lining
thrombus
Blood clot
angina
Chest pain
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
A temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke.
ischemia
Inadequate blood supply
dyslipidemia
A blood lipid profile that increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis
low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body’s cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke.
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Sometimes called “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.
lipoproteins
Complex made up of lipids and proteins. Lipids are not water soluble, and so they are carried in the blood bound to a protein in this complex. Lipoproteins are manufactured in the liver, vary in composition, size, and density
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides.
chylomicrons
Transport dietary fat and cholesterol from the small intestine to the liver and periphery
apolipoproteins
Carry lipids in the blood and also control the metabolism of the lipoprotein molecule
intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)
Atherogenic and are taken up by receptors on the liver or converted to LDLs.
hypertriglyceridemia
High triglyceride levels
metabolic syndrome
Triglyceride measurements are now considered along with glucose intolerance, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol and high HDL cholesterol as part of the metabolic syndrome
familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)
A genetic disorder characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol and premature CVD, with a prevalence of approximately one in 200 to 500 for heterozygotes in North America and Europe
xanthomas
Cholesterol deposits from LDL
familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL)
The most prevalent primary dyslipidemia. FCHL is characterized by fluctuations in serum lipid concentrations and may present as mixed hyperlipidemia, isolated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or as a normal serum lipid profile in combination with abnormally elevated levels of apolipoprotein B
familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
Relatively uncommon. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia
angiography aka cardiac catheterization
A more definitive, invasive test in which a dye is injected into the arteries, and radiographic images of the heart are obtained
C-reactive protein
Synthesized in the liver as the acute-phase response to inflammation
homocysteine
An amino acid metabolite of methionine
trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)
A gut microbiota-dependent metabolite that contributes to heart disease. It is produced by the liver after intestinal bacteria have digested animal protein
Mediterranean diet (MeD)
Common features of the diet such as greater number of servings of fruits and vegetables with an emphasis on root vegetables and greens, whole grains, fatty fish, lower amounts of red meat and an emphasis on lean meats, lower-fat dairy products, abundant nuts and legumes, and use of olive oil, canola oil, nut oil, or margarine blended with rapeseed oil or flaxseed oil
trans fatty acids
Stereoisomers of the naturally occurring cis-linoleic acid
bile acid sequestrants
A class of drug that adsorbs bile acids
statins
A class of drug that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)
A class of drug that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis
hypertension
Persistently high arterial blood pressure, the force exerted per square unit area on the walls of the arteries
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
The upper reading in the blood pressure measurement, is the force exerted on the walls of the blood vessels as the heart contracts and pushes blood out of its chambers
diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The lower reading in the blood pressure measurement, measures the force as the heart relaxes between contractions
essential hypertension
Hypertension of unknown cause
secondary hypertension
Hypertension that arises as the result of another disease, usually endocrine
blood pressure
The resistance in the blood vessels to the flow of blood
renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
Physiological system that regulates blood pressure
dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH)
A dietary pattern emphasizing fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, lean meats, and nuts
heart failure (HF)
The heart cannot provide adequate blood flow to the rest of the body
dyspnea
Shortness of breath
B-natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Secreted by the ventricles in response to pressure and is predictive of the severity of HF and mortality at any level of BMI
cardiac cachexia
The end result of heart failure in 10% to 15% of patients. It is defined as involuntary weight loss of at least 6% of nonedematous body weight during a 6-month period
left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
Enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart
edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues
