Chapter 6: Minerals (Sept 29 lec)

Question 1

How many inorganic mineral elements are considered essential?

Answer 1

22-26

Question 2

true or false:

any mineral element can be toxic at high levels, whether it’s required or not

Answer 2

true

Question 3

name 5 ways the level of mineral toxicity can be influenced

Answer 3

1. age
2. species
3. physiological state
4. form of mineral
5. other nutrients present

Question 4

macrominerals=

Answer 4

minerals required in the diet at relatively high levels; generally present in the body at >0.01% of body weight

Question 5

name the 7 macrominerals

Answer 5

• sodium
• phosphorus
• calcium
• chloride
• magnesium
• potassium
• sulfur

Question 6

what are 3 general functions of macrominerals?

Answer 6

• structure (eg. Ca)
• osmotic pressure regulation (eg Na)
• Regulation (eg Na, Ca, P)

Question 7

true/ false:

the proportions of macrominerals in the adult body on a fat-free basis vary greatly among species

Answer 7

false

very similar among species

Question 8

microminerals=

Answer 8

minerals required in the diet at relatively low levels; generally present in the body at <0.01% of body weight
aka trace minerals or trace elements

Question 9

the amount of micro/macrominerals required daily by an animal will vary depending on ___ ___

Answer 9

body size

Question 10

Calcium is a ___mineral and is the ___(most/least) abundant mineral in the body

Answer 10

macromineral

most

Question 11

The dietary Ca: P requirement for most animals is between:

Answer 11

1:1 an 2:1

more calcium if anything

Question 12

the main form of Ca in plasma is:

Answer 12

Ca2+ (ionized form)

Question 13

cytosol has ___(high/low) Ca (intracellular stores)

Answer 13

low

Question 14

list 6 functions of calcium

Answer 14

1. structure of bones and teeth
2. muscle contraction
3. transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle
4. clotting of blood
5. required for max protease, phospholipase, and nuclease activity
6. 2nd messenger in cell communication- cellular response to hormones

Question 15

4 consequences of a calcium deficiency

Answer 15

• rickets (affects bone development in young)
• osteomalacia (softening of bones b/c of poor mineralization, loss of bone mass in general)
• osteoporosis (loss of bone mineral density)
• parturient paresis (paralysis due to a sudden drop in blood Ca following onset of milk production; often called milk fever)

Question 16

how does calcium function in blood clotting?

Answer 16

it binds to prothrombin initiating the clot formation cascade

Question 17

hydroxyapatite=

- makes up ___% of bone (as Ca) and bones contain ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 17

bone mineral (contains Ca)
70%
Ca, P, O, H

Question 18

__% of body’s Ca is in bones/ teeth

Answer 18

99%