Chapter 11- ANF and Toxins (Dec 3)

Question 1

Sinapine is contained in _______ / ____ and high levels of it reduce ____

Answer 1

rapeseed meal/ canola

performance

Question 2

what causes a fishy taint in eggs?

Answer 2

tri-methyl amine (TMA) accumulated in tissues

• some strains of chickens lack TMA oxidase to break down TMA/ Sinapine

Question 3

what are the 5 ANF Glycosides?

Answer 3

• cyanogenic glycosides
• goitrogenic glycosides
• coumarin
• vicine and convicine
• saponins

Question 4

what allows cyanogenic glycoside reaction to take place?

Answer 4

frost and seed disruptions

Question 5

what reaction takes place in cyanogenic glycosides?

Answer 5

cytochrome oxidase cleaves to form free sugar +HCN

Question 6

goitrogenic glycosides lead to the formation of

Answer 6

goiters

Question 7

what are 2 goitrogenic glycosides?

-what do they do?

Answer 7

thioesters= give “hot” taste to mustard, horseradish

goitrin= interferes with thyroid activity and iodine metabolism

Question 8

coumarin is similar to ___

Answer 8

warfarin

Question 9

explain the glucose- coumarin relationship in plants

Answer 9

dicoumarol (vitamin K antagonist) –> reduce blood clot formation, reduce risk of stroke (like warfarin)

Question 10

vicine and convicine are found in ___ ___ and metabolize into a __ product

Answer 10

faba beans

toxic

This is Matt’s research!

Question 11

what do vicine and convicine cause?

Answer 11

red blood cell fragility

- causes hemolytic anemia (red blood cells breaking apart)

Question 12

which ANF glycoside is detergent-like?

Answer 12

saponin

Question 13

saponins have a CHO bound to a ___

this makes them ___-__

Answer 13

steroid

detergent-like

Question 14

___ and ___ sometimes have problems with saponins

Answer 14

alfalfa, yucca

Question 15

what issue can be caused in ruminants by saponins?

Answer 15

frothy bloat

froth in rumen, pressure builds up, difficult for animal to belch, rumen expands

Question 16

what are some other ANF?

Answer 16

• phytoestrogens
• metal-binding agents
  
  • phytate
  • phytase
  • oxalate

Question 17

phytoestrogens are plant sterols resembling ___

- they interfere with normal ___ ____

Answer 17

estrogen

estrogen signalling

Question 18

which feeds contain some compounds that are structurally similar to estrogen?

Answer 18

clover, alfalfa, soy

Question 19

Plant phosphorus is largely bound to ___

why is this an issue?

Answer 19

phytate

interferes with P absorption in animals b/c they have low phytase

Question 20

what does phytate do?

Answer 20

• decreases P availability, as well as other metals (cations)
• reduces ability for the body to get at these other minerals as well –> can also bind to fats, CHO, etc and reduce availability of these nutrients

Question 21

in the low phytate tortilla study, the absorption of __ was ____

Answer 21

iron

increased

Question 22

what does phytase do?

Answer 22

removes phosphate groups from inositol ring (phytate)

Question 23

monogastrics produce __ levels of phytase and rumen microbes produce ___ levels of phytase

Answer 23

low

high

Question 24

Oxalate is a ___-___ agent that is present in:

Answer 24

metal-binding

pigweed, rhubarb leaves, some in spinach

Question 25

oxalate usually becomes a bigger problem with:

Answer 25

long term consumption

Question 26

plant alkaloids are toxins with a ___ structure and __ component

• usually tastes ___
• what the point of them?

Answer 26

cyclic
nitrogen

bitter (basic)

• self defence mechanisms for plants to defend themselves from fungi

Question 27

how would you treat a blue-green algae bloom in your dugout?

Answer 27

treat it with copper sulfate

Question 28

T/F

all blue-green algae blooms are toxic

Answer 28

false

Question 29

urinary calculi is caused by an incorrect ____ ratio (high __ or __ intake)

Answer 29

Ca:P

K or P

Question 30

what’s the issue with a high silica intake?

Answer 30

it’s soluble in plants, but precipitates and blocks urethra (urinary calculi)

Question 31

what’s a solution to urinary calculi?

Answer 31

increase water intake