Chapter 4-5 Definitions (Quiz 2)

Question 1

vitamin

Answer 1

an organic compound required in minute amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism

Question 2

bio-molecule

Answer 2

occurs naturally in living organisms

Question 3

catalyst

Answer 3

increases rates of chemical reactions without being consumed

Question 4

substrate

Answer 4

molecules upon which an enzyme acts- substrates are changed during the reaction

Question 5

coenzyme

Answer 5

relatively small molecules that make up a part of the active site, since without the coenzyme, the enzyme will not function

Question 6

international unit (IU)

Answer 6

a standard unit of vitamin activity; used to make comparisons among various forms of a vitamin that have different biological potencies

Question 7

monosaccharide

Answer 7

one sugar molecule

Question 8

disaccharides

Answer 8

2 sugar molecules linked together by an alpha or beta bond

Question 9

oligosaccharides

Answer 9

4-10 sugar molecules linked together by alpha or beta bonds

Question 10

polysaccharides

Answer 10

> 10 sugar molecules linked together by alpha or beta bonds

Question 11

starch

Answer 11

a complex polysaccharide made up of a large number of glucose units joined together by glyosidic bonds

Question 12

amylose

Answer 12

long chain of alpha1,4-linked glucoses; found in plants (part of starch)

Question 13

amylopectin

Answer 13

long chain of alpha1,4-linked glucoses with alpha1,6 branches; found in plants (part of starch)

Question 14

glycogen

Answer 14

long chain of alpha1,4-linked glucoses with many alpha1,6 branches; found in animals (storage form of carbohydrate in animals)

Question 15

dietary fibre

Answer 15

carbohydrate polymers with more than 10 monomeric units, which are not hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes in the small intestine of humans

Question 16

cellulose

Answer 16

long chain of beta1,4-linked glucose molecules; structural component of plants

Question 17

hemicellulose

Answer 17

polymers of a mixture of hexoses and pentoses, linked with beta1,4 and beta1,3 linkages

Question 18

glycogenesis

Answer 18

formation of glycogen from glucose

Question 19

glycogenolysis

Answer 19

release of glucose from glycogen

Question 20

gluconeogenesis

Answer 20

synthesis of glucose from non-glucose precursors

Question 21

glycolysis

Answer 21

breakdown of glucose for energy