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Psychology > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

definition

A

a change in an organism’s actions, thoughts, or emotions as a result of experiences

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2
Q

2 simplest forms of learning

A

habituation
sensitization

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3
Q

habituation

definition

A

the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

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4
Q

sensitization

definition

A

responding more strongly over time, especially when the stimulus is dangerous, irritating, or both

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5
Q

habituation or sensitization?

I purchased a new clock + initially find it difficult to concentrate while working in the room because of the clock’s ticking. A few days pass. I am able to tune out the clock + don’t even notice the sound.

A

habituation

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6
Q

habituation or sensitization?

You are sitting in a boring lecture when you notice that the speaker says “okay” after almost every sentence + during pauses. Subsequent “okays” become more + more annoying + even unbearable. You decide to leave the lecture early.

A

sensitization

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7
Q

classical/Palvovian conditioning

definition

A

the form of learning in which humans/animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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8
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

definition

A

a stimulus that elicits an automatic, reflexive response

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9
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

definition

A

the automatic reflexive response elicited by UCS

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10
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

definition

A

a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a CR as a result of its association with a UCS

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11
Q

conditioned response (CR)

definition

A

a response that is elicited by a CS but was previously elicited by a UCS

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12
Q

Pavlov dog example

order of classical conditioning

A
  1. before conditioning:
    UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation)
  2. before conditioning:
    neutral stimulus (whistle) -> no CR (no salivation)
  3. during conditioning:
    UCS (food) + neutral stimulus (whistle) -> UCR (salivation)
  4. after conditioning:
    CS (whistle) -> CR (salivation)
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13
Q

acquisition

in terms of CR, CS, UCS, UCR

A

gradually learn or acquire the CR through pairing CS with UCS repeatedly

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14
Q

extinction

in terms of CS, CR, UCS, UCR

A

CR decreases in magnitude + eventually disappears when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS

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15
Q

spontaneous recovery

definition

A

sudden reemergency of an extinct CR after a delay in exposure to the CS

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16
Q

renewal effect

definition

A

sudden reemergence of a CR following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the CR was acquired

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17
Q

latent inhibition

definition

A

when we’ve experienced a CS alone many times, it’s difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus

-difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a CS we’ve repeatedly established alone (without the UCS)

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18
Q

fetishism

definition

A

sexual attraction to nonliving things
-may arise in part from classical conditioning

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19
Q

stimulus generalization

definition

A

process by which CS similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a CR

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20
Q

stimulus discrimination

definition

A

process by which organisms display a less pronounced CR to CS that differ from the original CS

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21
Q

higher-order conditioning

definition

A

developing a CR to a CS by virtue of its association with another CS
-each progressive level results in weaker conditioning

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22
Q

2nd order conditioning

definition

A

a new CS is paired with the original CS

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23
Q

3rd order conditioning

definition

A

a 3rd CS is paired with the 2nd order CS

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24
Q

what is the order of conditioning?

After conditioning Pavlov’s dog to salivate to a metronome sound, I pair a picture of a circle with that metronome sound. The dog salivates to the circle as well although less strongly.

A

2nd order conditioning

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25
Q

what is the UCS?

After conditioning Pavlov’s dog to salivate to a metronome sound, I pair a picture of a circle with that metronome sound. The dog salivates to the circle as well although less strongly.

A

food

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26
Q

what is the UR?

After conditioning Pavlov’s dog to salivate to a metronome sound, I pair a picture of a circle with that metronome sound. The dog salivates to the circle as well although less strongly.

A

salivation

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27
Q

what is CS1 + the corresponding CR?

After conditioning Pavlov’s dog to salivate to a metronome sound, I pair a picture of a circle with that metronome sound. The dog salivates to the circle as well although less strongly.

A

CS1: metronome sound
CR: salivation

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28
Q

what is CS2 + the corresponding CR?

After conditioning Pavlov’s dog to salivate to a metronome sound, I pair a picture of a circle with that metronome sound. The dog salivates to the circle as well although less strongly.

A

CS2: picture of a circle
CR: salivation

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29
Q

what is the UCS?

Peter has a phobia of rabbits. Jones gradually introduced him to a white rabbit while giving him a piece of his favorite candy. Gradually, Peter responds at the sight of the rabbit with pleasure rather than fear.

A

favorite candy

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30
Q

what is the UCR?

Peter has a phobia of rabbits. Jones gradually introduced him to a white rabbit while giving him a piece of his favorite candy. Gradually, Peter responds at the sight of the rabbit with pleasure rather than fear.

A

happiness

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31
Q

what is the CS?

Peter has a phobia of rabbits. Jones gradually introduced him to a white rabbit while giving him a piece of his favorite candy. Gradually, Peter responds at the sight of the rabbit with pleasure rather than fear.

A

white rabbit

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32
Q

what is the CR?

Peter has a phobia of rabbits. Jones gradually introduced him to a white rabbit while giving him a piece of his favorite candy. Gradually, Peter responds at the sight of the rabbit with pleasure rather than fear.

A

happiness

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33
Q

classical conditioning

definition

A

the passive process regulated by forces outside of the control of the organism

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34
Q

in classical conditioning, target behavior is elicited automatically/voluntarily

A

automatically

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35
Q

in classical conditioning, the reward is provided unconditionally/contingent on behavior

A

unconditionally

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36
Q

in classical conditioning, behavior primarily depends on autonomic nervous system/skeletal muscles

A

ANS

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37
Q

operant conditioning

definition

A

the active process entirely shaped by the organism’s own behavior

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38
Q

in operant conditioning, target behavior is elicited automatically/voluntarily

A

voluntarily

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39
Q

in operant conditioning, the reward is provided unconditionally/contingent on behavior

A

contingent on behavior

40
Q

in operant conditioning, behavior primarily depends on the autonomic nervous system/skeletal muscles

A

skeletal muscles

41
Q

acquisition

definition

A

learning phase during which a response is established

42
Q

extinction

definition

A

gradual reduction + eventual elimination of a response after a stimulus is represented repeatedly

43
Q

spontaneous recovery

definition

A

sudden reemergence of an extinguished response after a delay

44
Q

stimulus generalization

definition

A

displaying a response to stimuli similar but not identical to the original stimulus

45
Q

stimulus discrimination

definition

A

displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus

46
Q

law of effect

definition

A

if a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus + response will be strengthened

47
Q

skinner box

definition

A

a small nonhuman animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered + behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

48
Q

operant behavior

definition

A

the behavior you are attempting to condition

49
Q

reinforcer

definition

A

anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior continuting or being repeated

50
Q

punisher

definition

A

anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior continuing or being repeated

51
Q

primary reinforcers

definition

A

those that are essential for survival/reproduction of the organism
-food, water, etc.

52
Q

secondary reinforcers

definition

A

those that are not automatically related to survival/reproductive success
-money, status, tokens, etc.

53
Q

positive reinforcement

definition

A

when the frequency/probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the addition/presentation of something following the performance of the behavior

54
Q

negative reinforcement

definition

A

when a behavior is reinforced by the removal/avoidance of something

55
Q

positive punishment

definition

A

when the consequence of a behavior is the addition/presentation of something that is aversive/bad

56
Q

negative punishment

definition

A

when the consequence of a behavior is the removal of something

57
Q

positive/negative reinforcement or positive/negative punishment?

I offer pop quiz bonus points in class. The class attendance increases

A

positive reinforcement

58
Q

positive/negative reinforcement or positive/negative punishment?

Whenever Arja plays video games during her zoom lesson time, her mom takes away her daily desert. Arja no longer plays video games during the zoom lesson time now.

A

negative punishment

59
Q

positive/negative reinforcement or positive/negative punishment?

The alarm in the car stops beeping after Li puts the safety belt on. Li always puts the safety belt on later whenever he gets into the car.

A

negative reinforcement

60
Q

positive/negative reinforcement or positive/negative punishment?

Alberto gets a hug from mom after cleaning up the desk. He does cleaning more.

A

positive reinforcement

61
Q

positive/negative reinforcement or positive/negative punishment?

Choi gets a spanking for cheating on the exam. She no longer cheats on exams later.

A

positive reinforcement

62
Q

issues with punishment

name 4

A

-doesn’t tell what to do
-creates anxiety
-encourages subversive sneaky behavior
-model for undesirable behaviors

63
Q

shaping by successive approximation

A

shaping involves successive reinforcement of those behaviors that come increasingly closer to the behavior you ultimately wish to reinforce

64
Q

token economy

definition

A

systems set up for reinforcing appropriate behaviors + extinguishing inappropriate ones

65
Q

primary reinforcer in token economy

A

item/outcome that naturally increases the target behavior
-biologically based
-food, drink, sleep, etc.

66
Q

secondary reinforcer in token economy

A

neural object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
-money, toys, flowers, etc.

67
Q

intermittent reinforcement

definition

A

when a behavior is reinforced occasionally rather than continuously

68
Q

are behaviors more enduring + difficult to extinguished when associated with continuous reinforcement or intermittent reinforcement?

A

intermittent reinforcement

69
Q

fixed-interval schedules
FI

A

provide reinforcement for the first response after a specific interval of time has passed

70
Q

example of fixed-interval schedule

A

by-weekly paycheck

71
Q

variable-interval schedule
VI

A

provide reinforcement at unpredictable time intervals

72
Q

example of variable-interval schedule

A

fishing

73
Q

fixed-ratio schedule
FR

A

provide reinforcement after a specific # of responses

74
Q

example of fixed-ratio schedule

A

sales commission

75
Q

variable-ratio schedule
VR

A

provide reinforcement after an unpredictable # of responses

76
Q

example of variable-ratio schedule

A

gambling

77
Q

biological influences on learning

name 3

A

preparedness
instinctive drift
conditioned taste aversions

78
Q

preparedness

definition

A

evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

79
Q

why do we fear certain things over overs?

A

preparedness

80
Q

instinctive drift

definition

A

the tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

81
Q

example of instinctive drift

A

-a pig was reinforced with food for dropping a large wooden disk into a piggy bank
-it learned this task, but soon the pig began dropping the disk on the way to the piggy bank, pushing it through the dirt with its nose

82
Q

conditioned taste aversions

definition

A

refer to the fact that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food

83
Q

how many trials does it take in classical conditioning for conditioned taste aversions to develop?

A

only 1 trial rather than repeated pairings

84
Q

describe the delay between CS + USC in conditioned taste aversions

A

can be as long as 6-8 hours

85
Q

example of conditioned taste aversion

A

Kim eats noodles before chemotherapy, which frequently induces nausea/vomiting. As a result, he develops an aversion to noodles.

86
Q

S-O-R
stimulus-organism-response

definition

A

emphasizes that the organism’s response to a stimulus depends on what this stimulus means to it

87
Q
A
88
Q

cognitive conditioning

definition

A

our interpretation of the situation affects conditioning
-suggests that conditioning is far more than an automatic, mindless process
-emphasizes the role of expectations in learning

88
Q

latent learning

A

learning that isn’t directly observable
-we may learn without showing

88
Q

what does S-O-R show?

A

cognition is central to explaining learning

88
Q

observational learning

definition

A

we learn by watching models

88
Q

insight learning

definition

A

“aha” moment
-not out of trial + error

89
Q

learning fads

A

-sleep-assisted learning
-accelerated learning
-discovery learning
-learning styles
-etc.

89
Q

mirror neurons

definition

A

become active when we watch someone similar to us performing a behavior

89
Q

learning style

definition

A

an individual’s optimal method of acquiring new informatio

89
Q

insight

definition

A

sudden understanding of the solution to a problem

Psychology (15 decks)

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