***Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
criteria for mental disorders
-statistical rarity
-subjective distress
-impairment
-societal disapproval
-biological dysfunction
demonic model
view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
medical model
perception that regarded mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment (start of asylums)
moral treatment
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, + respect for those with mental illness
deinstitutionalization
governmental policy in 1960s + 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community + closing mental hospitals
psychiatric diagnoses across culturse
-psychologists have increasingly recognized that certain conditions are culture-bound—specific to one or more societies
-many mental disorders, especially those that are severe, appear to exist in most + perhaps all cultures
-ex: social anxiety out of fear of offending others in Japan
-ex: body integrity disorder in U.S. + Europe
DSM-5
official system classifying individuals with mental disorders with 18 different classes of disorders
-based on symptoms using a categorical model (NOT dimensional)
-contains valuable information such as prevalence of many mental disorders
-acknowledges the interplay of biological, psychological, + social influences (biopsychosocial approach)
-high level of comorbidity among many diagnoses
-may “medicalize normality”
research domain criteria (RDcC)
an alternative to DSM-5 studying + classifying mental disorders based on multiple dimensions
comorbidity
2 or more mental illnesses occurring together
prevlaence or comorbidity
Hillary, a psychiatrist, has noticed that many patient’s who have recently come to see her are diagnosed with bipolar disorder + also posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hillary’s observation is about the ____ of bipolar disorder + PTSD.
comorbidity only
what models are used
Elvin has been reading about how different cultures + societies have treated mental illness overtime. He recently read about a modern society A that attributes mental illness to supernatural beings that haunt the afflicted individual + use rituals with crystals to treat the individuals. He also read about modern society B that attributes all mental illness to physiological issues + attempts to treat mental illness by treating physical symptoms. Society A uses the ___ model + society B uses the ___ model to treat mental illness.
society A: demonic model
society B: medical model
somatic symptom disorder
anxieties about physical symptoms that are either medically verified or purely psychological in origin to the point of interfering with daily living; excessive preoccupation with symptoms
-does have physical symptoms
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder when an individual is overly preoccupied with having/getting a disease, no amount of reassurance can relieve their anxiety
-more about worrying about the illness, not always experiencing physical symptoms
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, + irritability across many areas of life functioning
generalized anxiety disorder is more in females/males
females
what % of population has generalized anxiety disorder
2-3%
-often with other anxiety disorders including phobias + panic disorder
panic disorder
repeated + unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
-panic attacks occur when nervous feelings gather momentum + escalate into intense bouts of fear, even terror; could occur rarely or daily for a while
-panic attacks typically peak within 10 minutes; sweating, dizziness, lightheadedness, racing heart, shortness of breath, feelings of unreality, fears of going crazy or dying
when does panic disorder typically develop
late adolescence + early adulthood, associated with a history of fears of separation from a parent during childhood
phobias
intense fear of an object/situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
agoraphobia
a fear of being in a place/situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack; outgrowth of panic disorder
specific phobia
phobias of objects, places, situations; may disappear with age
social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations; much more than stage fright
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
condition marked by repeated + lengthy (at least 1 hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
obsession
persistent idea, thought, or urge that is unwanted causing marked distress
compulsion
repetitive behavior/mental act performed to reduce/prevent distress, anxiety, shame, guilt, etc.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a reversely stressful event
-ex: wartime combat, rape, natural disaster
-flashbacks are a hallmark of PTSD
-actively avoid thoughts, feelings, places, objects, conversations that remind the person of the event
-recurrent dreams of the trauma
-increased arousal as in difficulty sleeping + startling easily
body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation with imaged or slight defects in their appearance
1/3 of body dysmoprhic patients also suffer from ____
OCD
Tourette’s disorder
repeated automatic behaviors
-motor tics
-vocal tics
-associated with OCD
motor tics
twitching + facial grimacing
vocal tics
grunting + throat clearing
explanations for anxiety disorders
-learning models of anxiety: anxious responses as acquired habits via classical, operant conditioning, observation, misinformation
-anxious people tend to catastrophize or exaggerate the likelihood of negative events, to interpret ambiguous situations as negative; with high levels of anxiety sensitivity
-genes influence people’s levels of neuroticism- a tendency to be high-strung, guilt-prone, + irritable setting the stage for excessive worry
major depressive disorder
-depressed mood; depressed mood is one of sadness, grief, despair, loneliness, emptiness, hopelessness, helplessness, teary feelings, + so forth
-loss of interest/pleasure in most or all activities
-weight loss or weight gain; decreased/increased appetite
-disturbed sleeping patterns
-lethargy/listlessness or agitation
-fatigue or loss of energy
-feelings of worthlessness or excessive inappropriate guilt
-difficulty concentrating or making decisions
-recurrent thoughts of death or thoughts about suicide
women/men are more likely to experience depression
women are 2x more likely
explanations for major depressive disorder
-depression + life events (losing something we value dearly)
-interpersonal model (depression as a social behavior; people with depression often elicit hostility + rejection from others, which in turn maintains/worsens their depression)
-behavioral model (depression as a loss of reinforcement; when people with depression try different things + receive no payoff, they eventually give up)
-cognitive model (depression as a disorder of thinking)
-learned helplessness (the tendency to feel helpless in the face of events one can’t control)
-genetics (low levels of the neurotransmitter epinephrine; decreased levels of dopamine related to reward; inflammation; variations in the serotonin transporter gene; stress-sensitive gene; diminished neurogenesis, reduced hippocampal volume)
interpersonal model of depression
-depression as a social behavior
-people with depression often elicit hostility + rejection from others, which in turn maintains/worsens their depression
behavioral model of depression
-depression as a loss of reinforcement
-when people with depression try different things + receive no payoff, they eventually give up
