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psychology > Chapter 1: Psychology + Scientific Thinking > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Psychology + Scientific Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of the mind, brain, + behavior

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2
Q

levels of analysis

A

rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences + higher levels tied most closely to social influences

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3
Q

depression at the SOCIAL LEVEL

A

loss of important personal relationships, lack of social support

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4
Q

depression at the BEHAVIORAL LEVEL

A

decrease in pleasurable activities, moving + talking slowly, withdrawing from others

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5
Q

depression at the MENTAL LEVEL

A

depressed thoughts, sad feelings, ideas of suicide

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6
Q

depression at the NEUROLOGICA/PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL

A

differences among people in the size + functioning of brain structures related to mood

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7
Q

depression at the NEUROCHEMICAL LEVEL

A

differences in levels of the brains chemical messengers that influence mood

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8
Q

depression at the MOLECULAR LEVEL

A

variations in people’s genes that predispose to depression

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9
Q

human behavior is hard/easy to predict

A

-hard to predict
-multiply determined, produced by many factors

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10
Q

psychological influences are independent/dependent

A

rarely independent; so dependent

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11
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

we mutually influence each other’s behavior

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12
Q

naive realism

A

the belief that we see the world precisely as it is in truth
-seeing is believing

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13
Q

science

A

-a systematic approach to evidencce, designed to keep us from fooling ourselves
-not a body of knowledge
-begins with empiricism, with observations tested by rigorous methods

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14
Q

empiricism

A

the premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation

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15
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses + deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them

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16
Q

belief perserverance

A

tendency to stick with our initial beliefs, even when evidence contracts them

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17
Q

metaphysical claims

A

non-testable assertions that fall outside the realm of science
-not necessarily wrong or unimportant

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18
Q

pseudoscience

A

a set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
-lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias + belief perserverance that characterize science

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19
Q

example of overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

A

the psychic who claimed to predict the future failed all controlled tests in the lab because the experimenters inhibited his extrasensory powers

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20
Q

examxple of lack of self-correction when contrary evidence is published

A

although most scientists say that we use almost all our brains, we’ve found a way to harness additional brain power previously undiscovered

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21
Q

example of overreliance on anecdotes

A

this woman practiced yoga daily for 3 weeks + hasn’t had a day of depression since

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22
Q

example of exaggerated claims

A

3 simple steps will change your love life forever

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23
Q

example of meaningless “psychobabble” that uses fancy scientific-sounding terms that don’t make sense

A

sinewave filtered auditory stimulation is carefully designed to encourage maximal orbitofrontal dendritic development

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24
Q

example of absence of connectivity to other research

A

amazing new innovations in research have shown that eye massage results in reading speeds 10x faster than average

25
Q

example of lack of review by other scholars (peer review) or replication by independent labs

A

50 studies conducted by the company all show overwhelming success

26
Q

example of talk of “proof” instead of “evidence”

A

our new program is proven to reduce social anxiety by at least 50%

27
Q

patternicity

A

the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in their absence

28
Q

dangers of pseudoscience

name 3

A

-opportunity cost
-direct harm
-inability to think scientifically

29
Q

antidote against pseudoscience

A

thinking clearly

30
Q

emotional reasoning fallacy

A

using emotions rather than evidence as the guide

31
Q

bandwagon fallacy

A

lots of people believe it, so it must be true

32
Q

“not me” fallacy

A

other people may have those biases, but not me

33
Q

scientific thinking

A

distinguishing fact from fiction

34
Q

scientific skepticism

A

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

35
Q

critical thinking

A

set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded + careful fashion

36
Q

nature-nurture debate

A

are our behaviors attributed mostly ot our genes/nature or to our rearing environments/nurture?

37
Q

free will-determinism debate

A

to what extent are our behaviors freely selected rather than caused by factors outside of our control?

38
Q

Rene Descartes

A

-founder of rationalism
-I think, therefore, I exist

39
Q

dualism

A

the body + mind are separate

40
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

-father of psychological science
-internal, non-observable events could be studied using experimental procedures
-used trained observations + measurement apparatuses + machines

41
Q

Edward Titchener

A

-founder of structualism
-revived introspection
-studied the contents of the mind/conscious experience in a scientific matter (systematic observation)

42
Q

introspection

A

a technique/tool to help break down conscious experiences into separate components suitable for research

43
Q

William James

A

-father of American psychological science
-created Principles of Psychology textbook
-applied evolutionary theory to human psychology, adaptive value in promoting survival + success in reproduction

44
Q

John B. Watson

A

-founded behaviorism
-focused on uncovering general principles of learning underlying human/animal behaviors
-focus on observable behavior + human mind is a black box

45
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new behavior

46
Q
A
47
Q

Jean Piaget

A

-prononent of cognitive psychology, cognitivism
-thinking is central to psychology
-focused on examining the role of mental processes on behavior
-children conceptualize the world in a markedly different way tahn adults do

48
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

-founder of psychoanalysis
-focused on uncovering the role of unconscious psychological processes + early life experiences in behavior

49
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

-1st woman president of the American Psychological Association, promoting psychology as a profession + science

50
Q

Carl Rogers

A

-clinician, founder of humanistic psychology
-emphasized free will + personal growth
-client-centered psychotherapiy

51
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

-founder of humanistic psychology
-theory of motivation: hierarchy of needs

52
Q

counseling psychologists

A

work with people experiencing temporary/relatively self-contained life problems

53
Q

clinical psychologists

A

perform assessment, diagnosis, + treatment of mental disorders; conduct research on people with mental disorders

54
Q

developmental psychologists

A

conduct research on infants’, children’s, + sometimes adults’ + elderly people’s emotional, physiological, + cognitive processes + how these change with age

55
Q

school psychologists

A

work with teachers, parents, + children to remedy students’ behavioral, emotional, + learning difficulties

56
Q

experimental psychologists

A

use research methods to study memory, language, thinking, + social behaviors of humans

57
Q

biological psychologists

A

examine the physiological basis of behavior in animals + humans

58
Q

forensic psychologists

A

-some: work in prisons, jails, + other settings to assess + diagnose inmates + assist with their rehabilitation/treatment
-others: conduct research on eyewitness testimony or jury decision-making

59
Q

industrial-organizational psychologists

A

-work in companies to help select productive employees, evaluate performance, examine the effects of different working + living conditions on people’s behavior (environmental psychologists)
-design equipment to maximize employee performance + minimize accidents (human factors + engineering psychologists)

psychology (15 decks)

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