Chapter 1: Psychology + Scientific Thinking Flashcards
psychology
the scientific study of the mind, brain, + behavior
levels of analysis
rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences + higher levels tied most closely to social influences
depression at the SOCIAL LEVEL
loss of important personal relationships, lack of social support
depression at the BEHAVIORAL LEVEL
decrease in pleasurable activities, moving + talking slowly, withdrawing from others
depression at the MENTAL LEVEL
depressed thoughts, sad feelings, ideas of suicide
depression at the NEUROLOGICA/PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL
differences among people in the size + functioning of brain structures related to mood
depression at the NEUROCHEMICAL LEVEL
differences in levels of the brains chemical messengers that influence mood
depression at the MOLECULAR LEVEL
variations in people’s genes that predispose to depression
human behavior is hard/easy to predict
-hard to predict
-multiply determined, produced by many factors
psychological influences are independent/dependent
rarely independent; so dependent
reciprocal determinism
we mutually influence each other’s behavior
naive realism
the belief that we see the world precisely as it is in truth
-seeing is believing
science
-a systematic approach to evidencce, designed to keep us from fooling ourselves
-not a body of knowledge
-begins with empiricism, with observations tested by rigorous methods
empiricism
the premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation
confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses + deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them
belief perserverance
tendency to stick with our initial beliefs, even when evidence contracts them
metaphysical claims
non-testable assertions that fall outside the realm of science
-not necessarily wrong or unimportant
pseudoscience
a set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
-lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias + belief perserverance that characterize science
example of overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypothesis
the psychic who claimed to predict the future failed all controlled tests in the lab because the experimenters inhibited his extrasensory powers
examxple of lack of self-correction when contrary evidence is published
although most scientists say that we use almost all our brains, we’ve found a way to harness additional brain power previously undiscovered
example of overreliance on anecdotes
this woman practiced yoga daily for 3 weeks + hasn’t had a day of depression since
example of exaggerated claims
3 simple steps will change your love life forever
example of meaningless “psychobabble” that uses fancy scientific-sounding terms that don’t make sense
sinewave filtered auditory stimulation is carefully designed to encourage maximal orbitofrontal dendritic development