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Psychology > ***Chapter 13: Personality > Flashcards

***Chapter 13: Personality Flashcards

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1
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A
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2
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personality

A

typical ways of thinking, feeling, + behaving

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3
Q

trait

A

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations

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4
Q

nomothetic approach

A

understand personality by identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals

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5
Q

variable or person oriented?

nomothetic approach

A

variable-oriented

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6
Q

idiographic approach

A

understand personality by identifying the unique configuration of characteristics + life history experiences within a person

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7
Q

variable or person oriented?

idiographic approach

A

person-oriented

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8
Q

example of idiographic approach

A

case study

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9
Q

behavior-genetic approach

A

conudcted via twin + adopted studies

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10
Q

behavior-genetic approach has weak/strong genetic influence

A

strong
-reared-together identical twins show higher correlation on personality traits than reared-together fraternal twins

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11
Q

behavior-genetic approach has little/many shared environmental influences

A

little
-reared-apart identical twins are strinkingly similar (much higher correlation) in their personality traits + far more similar than reared-apart fraternal twins

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12
Q

behavior-genetic approach has further confirmation from what

A

adoption study
-r between biological parents + adopted-away children have slightly higher r than between adoptive parent + adopted children

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13
Q

behavior-genetic approach has important shared/nonshared environmental influences

A

nonshared
-all reared-together twin correlations on personality traits are substantially less than 1

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14
Q

molecular genetic study

A

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific characteristics, including personality traits

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15
Q

why is molecular genetic study used

A

because twin + adoption studies don’t provide remarkably useful information about which genes are related to personality

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16
Q

psychoanalytic theory core assumptions

A

-psychic determinism
-symbolic meaning
-unconscious motivation

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17
Q

psychoanalytic theory

psychic determinism

A

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause, those outside our awarenesses many stemming from early childhood experiences

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18
Q

psychoanalytic theory

symbolic meaning

A

any action can be attributable to preceding mental causes even if we can’t figure out what they are

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19
Q

psychoanalytic theory

unconscious motivation

A

-the mind as an iceberg
-the unconscious is of immensely greater importance in the causes of our personality than the conscious

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20
Q

structure of personality

A

interaaction of id, ego, + superego

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21
Q

id-primary process

A

mindless, irrational, lacking morality, unable to distinguish between fantasy + reality

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22
Q

what does id-primary process operate by

A

pleasure principle

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23
Q

pleasure principle

A

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

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24
Q

ego-secondary process

A

-rational, concerned with safety, organizes information + makes decisions
-mediates between id + superego

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25
Q

what process does ego-secondary process operate by

A

reality principle

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26
Q

reality principle

A

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

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27
Q

superego

A

the well-being of conscious + morality, passes judgement on actions guided by ego

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28
Q

Freud belief

A

we go through the defense mechanism to resolve anxiety/stressful situations

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29
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

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30
Q

defense mechanisms

repression

A

motivated forgetting of past emotionally threatening memories or impulses

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31
Q

repression example

A

a person who witnesses a traumatic combat scene finds himself unable to remember it

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32
Q

defense mechanisms

denial

A

motivated forgetting of current distressing experiences

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33
Q

denial example

A

a mother who loses a child in a car accident insists her child is alive

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34
Q

defense mechanisms

regression

A

returning psychologically to a younger + safer time

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35
Q

regression example

A

a college student starts sucking his thumb during a difficult exam

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36
Q

defense mechanisms

reaction-formation

A

transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite

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37
Q

reaction-formation example

A

a married woman who’s sexually attracted to a coworker experiences hatred + revulsion toward him

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38
Q

defense mechanisms

projection

A

unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others

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39
Q

projection example

A

a married man with powerful unconscious sexual impulses toward females complains that other women are always “after him”

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40
Q

defense mechanisms

displacement

A

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one

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41
Q

displacement example

A

a golfer angrily throws his club into the woods after missing an easy putt

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42
Q

defense mechanisms

rationalization

A

providing reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behavior/failures

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43
Q

rationalization example

A

a political candidate who loses an election convinces herself that she didn’t really want the position after all

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44
Q

defense mechanisms

intellectualization

A

avoiding the emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract + impersonal thoughts

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45
Q

intellectualization example

A

a woman whose husband cheats on her reassures herself that “according to evolutionary psychologists, men are naturally sexually promiscuous, so there’s nothing to worry about”

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46
Q

defense mechanisms

identification with the aggressor

A

adopting the psychological characteristics of people we find threatening

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47
Q

identification with the aggressor example

A

a college basketball player who initially fears his tyrannical coach comes to admire him + adopts his dictatorial qualities

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48
Q

defense mechanisms

sublimation

A

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired + socially valued goal

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49
Q

sublimation example

A

a boy who enjoys beating up other children grows up to become a successful professional boxer

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50
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

A

-not supported by research
-oral stage, anal stage, phallic/oedipal stage, latency stage, genital stage

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51
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

oral stage

A

-birth-18 months
-erogenous zone: lips, tongue, gums

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52
Q

oral incorporative

A

dependent, likes to eat, drink, + smoke, good listener but tends toward gullibility

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53
Q

oral sadistic

A

sarcastic, cynical, “biting” with words

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54
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

anal stage

A

-18 months-age 3
-ergenous zone: anus

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55
Q

anal expulsive

A

generous, disregard for rules or order, may be sloppy + slovenly

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56
Q

anal retentive

A

orderly, stingy, stubborn, preoccupied with rules

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57
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

phallic/oedipal stage

A

-age 3-5/6
-erogenous zone: genitals

58
Q

fixated phallic/oedipal stage personality

A

failure to resolve Oedipus complex results in various neuroses

59
Q

oedipus complex

A

conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically + want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

60
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

latency stage

A

-age 6-puberty
-erogenous zone: reduced interest in sex
-personality type not applicable

61
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

genital stage

A

-puberty
-erogenous zone: genitals
-personality type not applicable

62
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

-emphasize unconscious influences + importance of early experience in shaping personality
-unfalsifiability being a serious concern, scientifically as controversial as that of Freudian theory
-places less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality + emphasize more on social drives such as the need for approval
-more optimistic concerning the prospects for personality growth throughout the life span

63
Q

how is Neo-Freudian similar to Freduain theory

A

-emphasize unconscious influences + importance of early experience in shaping personality
-unfalsifiability being a serious concern, scientifically as controversial as that of Freudian theory

64
Q

3 Neo-Freudian theories

A

-Alfred Adler
-Carl Jung
-Karen Horney

65
Q

Alfred Adler

A

-the striving for superiority as the principal motive in human personality rather than sex/aggression
-distinctive style of life; long-standing pattern of achieving superiority over our peers
-individuals with inferiority complex are prone to low self-esteem + tend to overcompensate for this feeling

66
Q

style of life

A

each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority according to Alfred Adler

67
Q

inferiority complex

A

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings

68
Q

Carl Jung

A

-the collective unconscious contains numerous archetypes
-the Jungian sandplay therapy to infer children’s archetypes on the basis of shapes drawn in sand + as a springboard for therapy

69
Q

collective unconscious

A

our shared storehouse of the memories that ancestors have passed down to us across the generations

70
Q

archetype

A

cross-culturally universal symbols
-ex: the mandala that symbolizes a desire for wholeness/unity

71
Q

Karen Horney

A

-feminist psychology, against gender bias
-women’s sense of inferiority stems from their excessive dependency on men which is socially ingrained in them from an early age
-oedipus complex neither inevitable nor universal- a symptom rather than a cause of psychological problems, arising only when the opposite-sex parent is overprotective + the same-sex parent is overly critical

72
Q

behavioral theory of personality

A

-differences in our personalities stem largely from differences in our learning histories which is not just early childhood
-our personalities are bundles of habits + behaviors (overt or covert) acquired by classical + operant conditioning

73
Q

behavioral views of determinism

A

consistent with psychoanalysts, all of our actions are products of preexisting casual influences; free will is an illusion

74
Q

behavioral views of unconscious processing

A

we are “unconscious” of many things because we’re often unaware of immediate situational influences on our behavior

75
Q

social learning theorists

A

emphasize thinking + observational learning as a central cause of personality

76
Q

social learning theory of personality

A

-Skinner has gone too far!
-thinking as a cause of personality
-classical + operant conditioning are the products of cognition

77
Q

social learning of personality views of determinism

A

reciprocal determinism, a form of causation where personality + cognitive factors, behavior, + environmental variables mutually influence one another

78
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behavior

79
Q

social learning of personality: observational learning + personality

A

we acquire both good + bad habits by watching + later emulating them

80
Q

locus of control

A

the extent to which people believe that reinforcers + punishers lie inside or outside their control

81
Q

internal locus of control

A

believes that life events are due largely to their own efforts + personal characteristics

82
Q

external locus of control

A

believes that life events are largely a product of chance + fate

83
Q

critiques of behavioral + social learning theories of personality

A

-radical behaviorism considers free will an illusion + the primary causes of our behavior-contingencies lying outside rather than inside us
-but it is plausible considering our thoughts as no role in our behavior even from an evolutionary perspective
-the claim that observational learning exerts powerful influence on our personality implies an important role of shared environment
-but behavior-genetic studies suggest weak or no effects of shared environment
-learning occurs in animals with quite simple nervous systems

84
Q

humanistic models of personality

A

-reject determinism, embrace free will- we are free to choose either socially constructive or destructive paths in life
-human nature as inherently constructive, + the core motive in personality is self-actualization

85
Q

self-actualization

A

the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

86
Q

Rogers’ model of personality

A

-our personality consists of: the self, the organism, + conditions of worth
-individual differences in personality stem largely from differences in the conditions of worth that others impose on us
-conditions of worth result in incongruence between self + organism
-focus on individuals whose tendencies toward self-actualization were thwarted + ended up with psychological problems

87
Q

Rogers’ model of personality

the self

A

our self-concept, the set of beliefs about who we are

88
Q

Rogers’ model of personality

the organism

A

our innate, + substantially genetically influenced blueprint, inherently positive + helpful toward others

89
Q

Rogers’ model of personality

conditions of worth

A

the expectations for our own (in)appropriate behavior emanated from our parents + society, internalizing in us, arising typically in childhood when acceptance of us is conditional on certain behaviors but not others

90
Q

Maslow characteristics of self-actualized people

A

-focus on individuals who are self-actualized, especially historical figures
-self-actualized people: creative, spontaneous, accepting, self-confident, having a few deep friendships, craving privacy, not afraid to “rock the boat”
-self-actualized people are prone to peak experiences

91
Q

peak experiences

A

transcendent moments of intense excitement + tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

92
Q

critic view of humanistic models

A

-are naïve about human nature
-advance theories that are difficult to falsify

93
Q

trait models of personality

A

-focus on the structure of personality + individual differences in personality
-use factor analysis to analyze the correlations among responses on personality measures to identify the underlying “factors” that give rise to these correlations
-BIG 5 MODEL based on a lexical approach to personality

94
Q

what is the big 5 model based on

A

lexical approach to personality

95
Q

lexical approach

A

the most crucial features of human personality that are embedded in our language

96
Q

big 5 model

A

OCEAN
-openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

97
Q

big 5 model

openness

A

-imaginative or practical
-interested in variety or routine
-independent or conforming

98
Q

big 5 model

conscientiousness

A

-organized or disorganized
-careful or careless
-disciplined or impulsive

99
Q

big 5 model

extraversion

A

-sociable or retiring
-fun-loving or somber
-affectionate or reserved

100
Q

big 5 model

agreeableness

A

-softhearted or ruthless
-trusting or suspicious
-helpful or uncooperative

101
Q

big 5 model

neuroticism (emotional stability)

A

-calm or anxious
-secure or insecure
-self-satisfied or self-pitying

102
Q

big 5 model

what yields successful job performance/good grades

A

-high C
-low N
-high A

103
Q

big 5 model

what leads to salespersons’ successful performance

A

E

104
Q

big 5 model

what leads to physical health + longer life span

A

C

105
Q

basic tendencies

A

underlying personality traits

106
Q

characteristic adaptations

A

behavioral manifestations of basic tendencies

107
Q

critique of big 5 model

A

-might not be universal
-some cultures might not have all elements

108
Q

can personality traits change

A

yes- before 30
-must not change after 30

109
Q

big 5 model

what declines/increases from late teens to early 30s

A

decline: O, E, N
increase: C, A

110
Q

what are Paxil + Zoloft related to

A

-increased E
-decreased N

111
Q

are personality traits highly predictive of isolated behavior

A

no
-personality traits are highly predictive of behavioral trends but not isolated behavior

112
Q

do trait models explain the causes of the individual differences in personality

A

no
-trait models describe individual differences in personality rather than explain their causes

113
Q

trait perspective

A

the starting point for the first attempts to build truly empirical, research-based theories of personality

114
Q

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) + MMPI-2

A

-detects abnormal personality
-empirical method of test construction

115
Q

MMPI-2

A

-567 T/F items
-10 basic scales
-8 designed to detect symptoms of major mental disorder

116
Q

MMPI-2

A

3 major validity scales (lie, frequency, correlation scales) that detech various response sets

117
Q

response sets

A

the tendencies to distort response to items

118
Q

impression management

A

making ourselves look better than we really are

119
Q

impression management example

A

“I occasionally become angry”

120
Q

malingering

A

making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed even when we’re not

121
Q

malingering example

A

“I have a cough most of the time”

122
Q

face validity

A

extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

123
Q

MMPI has low/high face validity

A

low face validity

124
Q

low face validity example

A

“I think newborn babies look very much like little monkeys. Yes or no”

125
Q

California psychological inventory (CPI)

A

-assess personality traits in the normal range (dominance, flexibility, sociability, popular in college counseling centers + industry)
-empirical method of test construction

126
Q

CPI

empirical method of test construction

A

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with 2 or more criterion groups + examine which items best differentiate them

127
Q

Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)

A

-constructed theoretically
-questionable validity + reliability
-sort respondents into 4 categories:
* introversion-extraversion
* sensing-intuiting
* thinking-feeling
* judging-perceiving

128
Q

NEO personality inventory-revised (NEO-PI-R)

A

-constructed theoretically
-measures big 5
-impressive validity

129
Q

projective tests

A

ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots, incomplete sentences

130
Q

what are projective tests influenced by

A

psychoanalytic views of personality

131
Q

projective hypothesis

A

assumes people inevitably project aspects of their personality onto the ambiguous stimuli while interpreting them

132
Q

incremental validity

A

extent to which a test contributes information beyond other more easily collected measures

133
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

-low validity + reliability
-low incremental validity

134
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
-tell a tale, 31 cards depicting ambiguous situatinos
-questionable reliability + validity

135
Q

human figure drawing

A

-draw-a-person test (DAP)
-questionable reliability + validity

136
Q

graphology

A

-psychological interpretation of handwriting
-low reliability + validity

137
Q

what does graphology rely on

A

representativeness heuristic

138
Q

common pitfalls in personality assessment

A

-P.T. Barnum effect
-illusory correlation

139
Q

common pitfalls in personality assessment

P.T. Barnum effect

A

the tendency of people to accept descriptions that apply to almost everyone as applying specifically to them, or personal validation

140
Q

common pitfalls in personality assessment

illusory correlation

A

the perception of nonexistent statistical associations between variables

Psychology (15 decks)

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