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Psychology > ***Chapter 11: Stress, Coping, + Health > Flashcards

***Chapter 11: Stress, Coping, + Health Flashcards

1
Q

stress

A

a type of response, consisting of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation called a stressor (a type of stimulus) strains our ability to cope effectively

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2
Q

traumatic event

A

a stressor that’s so severe it can produce long-term psychological or health consequences

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3
Q

stressors as stimuli

A

-focuses on identifying different types of stressful events
-has pinpointed categories of events that most of us find dangerous + unpredictable
-has pinpointed people who are most susceptible to stress following different events

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4
Q

stress as a response

A

-assesses people’s psychological + physical reactions to stressful circumstances
-outcome variables, physiological responses, posttraumatic growth

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5
Q

outcome variables

A

stress-related feelings
-depression, hopelessness, hostility

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6
Q

physiological responses

A

heart rate, stress hormones/corticosteroids

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7
Q

corticosteroids

A

stress hormone that activates the body + prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

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8
Q

posttraumatic growth

A

the perception of beneficial change or personal transformation in the struggler to overcome adversity

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9
Q

stress as a transaction

A

-key word: interaction
-examine interaction between potentially stressful life events + how people interpret + cope with then
-appraisals influence whether we experience an event as stressful

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10
Q

appraisal

A

our evaluation of the event

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11
Q

primary appraisal

A

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful or not

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12
Q

secondary appraisal

A

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

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13
Q

problem-focused coping

A

tackle life’s challenges head on with plans + actions

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14
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

stay positive + seek emotional support

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15
Q

meaning-focused coping

A

when stressors are overwhelmeing, swamping our ability to amange, find meaning in daily activity + embrace human interconnectedness

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16
Q

avoidance-oriented coping

A

avoiding action to solve our problems or giving up hope

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17
Q

proactive coping

A

anticipation of problems + stressful situations that promotes effective coping

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18
Q

acceptance-based coping

A

accepting feelings + thoughts we can’t change

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19
Q

problem, emotion, or meaning focused coping:

I failed my last quiz. After reviewing my quiz, I realize I had trouble applying concepts to scenarios. I created a plan to generate at least 1 of my own example for each bolded concept mentioned in class + in the textbook.

A

problem-focused coping

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20
Q

problem, emotion, or meaning focused coping:

I broke up with my boyfriend. It hurts so much. I talked with my best friend over the phone for 2 hours + that made me feel much better.

A

emotion-focused coping

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21
Q

problem, emotion, or meaning focused coping:

At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, I was overwhelmed by the uncertainty + severity of the virus. I started to realize the purpose of going to school.

A

meaning-focused coping

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22
Q

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A

-stressors as stimuli
-gauge the nature + impact of different stressful events
-43 major life events over the past year ranked in terms of stressfulness
-each item with a value to be added for total stress level
-number of stressful events related to physical disorders, psychological disorders

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23
Q

cons of social readjustment rating scale

A

-doesn’t consider other crucial factors (like coping)
-ignoring other more chronic ongoing stressors

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24
Q

hassle

A

minor nuisances that strain our ability to cope

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25
hassles scale
-measures how current stressful events ranging from small annoying to major daily pressure (number + severity) impact our adjustment -everyday hassles do contribute to stress above + beyond major life events
26
hassles scale ranking method
1 = somewhat severe 2 = moderately severe 3 = extremely severe total 119 items
27
interview based methods
provide a more in-depth picture of life stress than the self-report measures
28
ecological momentary assessment (EMA)
-programming smart phone or device to prompt people to report what they are thinking, feeling, + doing on a random or predetermined basis or indicate their experience of stress triggers + responses -gauges how stress + coping unfold in everyday life on a moment-to-moment basis -provides a window to the dynamic relation between stress + coping in real time + on repeated occasions over the course of a day or any designed interval
29
Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the pattern of responding to stress, all prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation -homeostasis -alarm stage -resistance stage -exhaustion stage
30
# Seyle the alarm reaction
-involves excitation of the autonomic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenaline, + physical symptoms of anxiety -the seat of anxiety within the limbic system (the emotional brain) including amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus -fight-or-flight response
31
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
stress responses rely on a negative feedback loop of the HPA axis -hypothalamus receives signals of fear -sympathetic nervous system activates adrenal gland, screting epinephrine + norpeinephrine (adrenaline + noradrenaline) -body readies for fight-or-flight -hypothalamus + pituitary gland orchestrate the adrenal gland's release of cortisol, which floods body with energy
32
cortisol
stress hormone
33
# Seyle resistance
adapt to stressor + find ways to cope with it -with the thinking brain
34
# Seyle exhaustion
-if our personal resources are limited + we lack good coping measures, our resistance may ultimately break down, causing our levels of activation to bottom out -results can range from damage to an organ system, to depression + anxiety, to a breakdown in the immune system
35
eustress
good stress
36
distress
bad stress
37
describe the diversity of stress response
-stress reactions vary from stressor to stressor + may be shaped by gender
38
posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD
flashbacks, avoid reminders of the trauma, detachment, increased arousal, sleep problems, startled easily
39
more social connections =
lower probability of dying
40
behavioral control
the ability to step up + do something to change
41
what type of coping does behavior control use
problem-focused coping
42
cognitive control
the ability to think differently about negative emotions arising from stress-provoking events
43
what type of coping does cognitive control use
emotion-focused coping
44
descisional control
the ability to choose among alternative courses of action
45
informational control
the ability to acquire information about a stressful event
46
what type of coping does informational control use
proactive coping
47
emotional control
the ability to suppress + express emotions
48
catharsis
disclosing painful feelings, venting
49
hardiness
view changes as a challenge rather than a threat, committed to life + work, believe they can control events -when being physical ill, we don't feel especially hardy
50
pros of hardiness
-can boost stress resistance -associated with low levels of anxiety-proneness
51
optimistic people are
-more productive -focused -persistent -better at handling frustration than pessimists -lower mortality rate
52
optimistic people have
-more vigorous immune response -lower distress -lower risk of heart failure + depression -better surgical outcomes -fewer physical complaints
53
spirituality
search for the sacred
54
pros of spirituality
-fosters self-control -boosts social support -promotes sense of meaning + purpose
55
compared with nonreligious people, peolpe who say they believe in God have
-lower mortality rates -improved immune system functioning -lower blood pressure -greater ability to recover from illnesses
56
psychosomatic illness
illness or disorders due to deep-seated conflicts + emotional reactions
57
example of psychosomatic illness
stomach ulcers due to infantile cravings to be fed + feelings of dependency
58
pscyhophysiological illness
illnesses in which emotions + stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition
59
examples of psychophysiological illness
asthma, ulcers, headaches, AIDS, CHD
60
biopsychosocial perspective
-most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological -more out of the complex interplay of genes + other personal + environmental factors
61
coronary heart disease associations with stress
-PTSD associated with CHD -disruptions in normal heart rhythm + even sudden death + narrowed blocked coronary arteries -hyped-up autonomic nervous system
62
coronary heart disease associations with type A personality
-perfectionistic, prone to hostility, stubborn, opinionated, cynical, controlling, concerned with deadlines -hostility is the most predictive factor of heart disease
63
other environmental factors that cause coronary heart disease
-poor diet -low SES -drinking -smoking -etc.
64
healthy lifestyle
-health psychology = behavioral medicine -stop smoking -curb alcohol consumption -achieve a healthy weight -regular exercise
65
what % patients don't take their physician's medical advice
30-70%
66
what % patients don't follow recommendations to exercise, stop smoking, change diet, or take prescribed medications
80%
67
why don't people take medical advice
-personal intertia -misestimating risk -feeling powerless
68
personal intertia
our reluctance to try something new
69
mistestimating risk
underestimate certain risks to our health + overestimate others
70
complementary medicine is alos called
integrative health medicine
71
complementary medicine
products + practices that are used together with conventional medicine
72
alternative medicine
healthcare practices + products used in place of conventional medicine
73
conventional medicine
medicine with solid evidence of safety + effectiveness
74
complementary + alternative medicines
-biologically based therapies -manipulative + body bassed methods -mind-body medicine -energy medicine -whole medical systems
75
# complementary + alternative medicine: biologically based therapies
vitamins, herbs, food supplements
76
# complementary + alternative medicine: manipulative + body based methods
chirporactic medicine
77
# complementary + alternative medicine: mind-body medicine
biofeedback, meditation, yoga
78
# complementary + alternative medicine: energy medicine
acupuncture
79
# complementary + alternative medicine: whole medical systems
homeopathy, homeopathic medicine

Psychology (15 decks)

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