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Psychology > ***Chapter 11: Stress, Coping, + Health > Flashcards

***Chapter 11: Stress, Coping, + Health Flashcards

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1
Q

stress

A

a type of response, consisting of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation called a stressor (a type of stimulus) strains our ability to cope effectively

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2
Q

traumatic event

A

a stressor that’s so severe it can produce long-term psychological or health consequences

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3
Q

stressors as stimuli

A

-focuses on identifying different types of stressful events
-has pinpointed categories of events that most of us find dangerous + unpredictable
-has pinpointed people who are most susceptible to stress following different events

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4
Q

stress as a response

A

-assesses people’s psychological + physical reactions to stressful circumstances
-outcome variables, physiological responses, posttraumatic growth

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5
Q

outcome variables

A

stress-related feelings
-depression, hopelessness, hostility

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6
Q

physiological responses

A

heart rate, stress hormones/corticosteroids

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7
Q

corticosteroids

A

stress hormone that activates the body + prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

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8
Q

posttraumatic growth

A

the perception of beneficial change or personal transformation in the struggler to overcome adversity

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9
Q

stress as a transaction

A

-key word: interaction
-examine interaction between potentially stressful life events + how people interpret + cope with then
-appraisals influence whether we experience an event as stressful

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10
Q

appraisal

A

our evaluation of the event

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11
Q

primary appraisal

A

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful or not

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12
Q

secondary appraisal

A

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

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13
Q

problem-focused coping

A

tackle life’s challenges head on with plans + actions

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14
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

stay positive + seek emotional support

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15
Q

meaning-focused coping

A

when stressors are overwhelmeing, swamping our ability to amange, find meaning in daily activity + embrace human interconnectedness

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16
Q

avoidance-oriented coping

A

avoiding action to solve our problems or giving up hope

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17
Q

proactive coping

A

anticipation of problems + stressful situations that promotes effective coping

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18
Q

acceptance-based coping

A

accepting feelings + thoughts we can’t change

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19
Q

problem, emotion, or meaning focused coping:

I failed my last quiz. After reviewing my quiz, I realize I had trouble applying concepts to scenarios. I created a plan to generate at least 1 of my own example for each bolded concept mentioned in class + in the textbook.

A

problem-focused coping

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20
Q

problem, emotion, or meaning focused coping:

I broke up with my boyfriend. It hurts so much. I talked with my best friend over the phone for 2 hours + that made me feel much better.

A

emotion-focused coping

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21
Q

problem, emotion, or meaning focused coping:

At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, I was overwhelmed by the uncertainty + severity of the virus. I started to realize the purpose of going to school.

A

meaning-focused coping

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22
Q

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A

-stressors as stimuli
-gauge the nature + impact of different stressful events
-43 major life events over the past year ranked in terms of stressfulness
-each item with a value to be added for total stress level
-number of stressful events related to physical disorders, psychological disorders

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23
Q

cons of social readjustment rating scale

A

-doesn’t consider other crucial factors (like coping)
-ignoring other more chronic ongoing stressors

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24
Q

hassle

A

minor nuisances that strain our ability to cope

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25
Q

hassles scale

A

-measures how current stressful events ranging from small annoying to major daily pressure (number + severity) impact our adjustment
-everyday hassles do contribute to stress above + beyond major life events

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26
Q

hassles scale ranking method

A

1 = somewhat severe
2 = moderately severe
3 = extremely severe

total 119 items

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27
Q

interview based methods

A

provide a more in-depth picture of life stress than the self-report measures

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28
Q

ecological momentary assessment (EMA)

A

-programming smart phone or device to prompt people to report what they are thinking, feeling, + doing on a random or predetermined basis or indicate their experience of stress triggers + responses

-gauges how stress + coping unfold in everyday life on a moment-to-moment basis
-provides a window to the dynamic relation between stress + coping in real time + on repeated occasions over the course of a day or any designed interval

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29
Q

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

the pattern of responding to stress, all prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation
-homeostasis
-alarm stage
-resistance stage
-exhaustion stage

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30
Q

Seyle

the alarm reaction

A

-involves excitation of the autonomic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenaline, + physical symptoms of anxiety
-the seat of anxiety within the limbic system (the emotional brain) including amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
-fight-or-flight response

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31
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

stress responses rely on a negative feedback loop of the HPA axis
-hypothalamus receives signals of fear
-sympathetic nervous system activates adrenal gland, screting epinephrine + norpeinephrine (adrenaline + noradrenaline)
-body readies for fight-or-flight
-hypothalamus + pituitary gland orchestrate the adrenal gland’s release of cortisol, which floods body with energy

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32
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone

33
Q

Seyle

resistance

A

adapt to stressor + find ways to cope with it
-with the thinking brain

34
Q

Seyle

exhaustion

A

-if our personal resources are limited + we lack good coping measures, our resistance may ultimately break down, causing our levels of activation to bottom out
-results can range from damage to an organ system, to depression + anxiety, to a breakdown in the immune system

35
Q

eustress

A

good stress

36
Q

distress

A

bad stress

37
Q

describe the diversity of stress response

A

-stress reactions vary from stressor to stressor + may be shaped by gender

38
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD

A

flashbacks, avoid reminders of the trauma, detachment, increased arousal, sleep problems, startled easily

39
Q

more social connections =

A

lower probability of dying

40
Q

behavioral control

A

the ability to step up + do something to change

41
Q

what type of coping does behavior control use

A

problem-focused coping

42
Q

cognitive control

A

the ability to think differently about negative emotions arising from stress-provoking events

43
Q

what type of coping does cognitive control use

A

emotion-focused coping

44
Q

descisional control

A

the ability to choose among alternative courses of action

45
Q

informational control

A

the ability to acquire information about a stressful event

46
Q

what type of coping does informational control use

A

proactive coping

47
Q

emotional control

A

the ability to suppress + express emotions

48
Q

catharsis

A

disclosing painful feelings, venting

49
Q

hardiness

A

view changes as a challenge rather than a threat, committed to life + work, believe they can control events
-when being physical ill, we don’t feel especially hardy

50
Q

pros of hardiness

A

-can boost stress resistance
-associated with low levels of anxiety-proneness

51
Q

optimistic people are

A

-more productive
-focused
-persistent
-better at handling frustration than pessimists
-lower mortality rate

52
Q

optimistic people have

A

-more vigorous immune response
-lower distress
-lower risk of heart failure + depression
-better surgical outcomes
-fewer physical complaints

53
Q

spirituality

A

search for the sacred

54
Q

pros of spirituality

A

-fosters self-control
-boosts social support
-promotes sense of meaning + purpose

55
Q

compared with nonreligious people, peolpe who say they believe in God have

A

-lower mortality rates
-improved immune system functioning
-lower blood pressure
-greater ability to recover from illnesses

56
Q

psychosomatic illness

A

illness or disorders due to deep-seated conflicts + emotional reactions

57
Q

example of psychosomatic illness

A

stomach ulcers due to infantile cravings to be fed + feelings of dependency

58
Q

pscyhophysiological illness

A

illnesses in which emotions + stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition

59
Q

examples of psychophysiological illness

A

asthma, ulcers, headaches, AIDS, CHD

60
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

-most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological
-more out of the complex interplay of genes + other personal + environmental factors

61
Q

coronary heart disease associations with stress

A

-PTSD associated with CHD
-disruptions in normal heart rhythm + even sudden death + narrowed blocked coronary arteries
-hyped-up autonomic nervous system

62
Q

coronary heart disease associations with type A personality

A

-perfectionistic, prone to hostility, stubborn, opinionated, cynical, controlling, concerned with deadlines
-hostility is the most predictive factor of heart disease

63
Q

other environmental factors that cause coronary heart disease

A

-poor diet
-low SES
-drinking
-smoking
-etc.

64
Q

healthy lifestyle

A

-health psychology = behavioral medicine
-stop smoking
-curb alcohol consumption
-achieve a healthy weight
-regular exercise

65
Q

what % patients don’t take their physician’s medical advice

A

30-70%

66
Q

what % patients don’t follow recommendations to exercise, stop smoking, change diet, or take prescribed medications

A

80%

67
Q

why don’t people take medical advice

A

-personal intertia
-misestimating risk
-feeling powerless

68
Q

personal intertia

A

our reluctance to try something new

69
Q

mistestimating risk

A

underestimate certain risks to our health + overestimate others

70
Q

complementary medicine is alos called

A

integrative health medicine

71
Q

complementary medicine

A

products + practices that are used together with conventional medicine

72
Q

alternative medicine

A

healthcare practices + products used in place of conventional medicine

73
Q

conventional medicine

A

medicine with solid evidence of safety + effectiveness

74
Q

complementary + alternative medicines

A

-biologically based therapies
-manipulative + body bassed methods
-mind-body medicine
-energy medicine
-whole medical systems

75
Q

complementary + alternative medicine:

biologically based therapies

A

vitamins, herbs, food supplements

76
Q

complementary + alternative medicine:

manipulative + body based methods

A

chirporactic medicine

77
Q

complementary + alternative medicine:

mind-body medicine

A

biofeedback, meditation, yoga

78
Q

complementary + alternative medicine:

energy medicine

A

acupuncture

79
Q

complementary + alternative medicine:

whole medical systems

A

homeopathy, homeopathic medicine

Psychology (15 decks)

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