Chapter 5: Consciousness Flashcards
1
Q
consciousness
definition
A
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, + our mental perspectives
2
Q
sleep is a form of ____
A
consciousness
3
Q
why do we sleep?
4 reasons
A
-to rest/rejuvinate; restore strength + conserve energy
-to remember; consolidate + retain memories
-to forget; regulate strength of brain synapses to clean out junk in the brain
-to promote functioning; support immune system/problem solving
4
Q
circadian rhythm
definition
A
cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in manyof our biological processes
-including hormone release, brain waves, body temp, + drowsiness
5
Q
biological clock
definition
A
the area of the hypothalamus that’s responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
6
Q
melatonin
definition
A
hormones produced by the pineal gland deep within the brain
-strongly associated with the onset of sleep
7
Q
how is melatonin stimulated?
A
stimulated during periods of darkness
8
Q
how is melatonin inhibited?
A
by light
9
Q
sleep debt
definition
A
built up when not enough sleep occurs on a given night relative to the amount you normally require
10
Q
how many hours of sleep do most of us need?
A
7-10 hours per night
11
Q
jet lag
definition
A
the more time zones passed through, the longer it takes for the body’s clock to reset
12
Q
late work shifts lead to what problems?
A
-increased risk of injuries
-fatal accidents
-health problems
13
Q
2 types of sleep
A
-rapid-eye movement (REM sleep, active sleep)
-non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM sleep, slow-wave sleep)
14
Q
what is rapid-eye movement sleep called?
A
active sleep
15
Q
REM sleep
definition
A
-high levels of brain + nervous system activity
-rapid movements of eyes
-intensely vivid dreaming
16
Q
locus coeruleus
definition
A
brainstem region responsible for keeping us paralyzed during REM
17
Q
what is non-rapid-eye-movement sleep called?
A
slow-wave sleep
18
Q
NREM sleep
definition
A
-deepest levels of relaxation
-reduced brain activity
19
Q
4 principal types of brain waves
A
-beta
-alpha
-theta
-delta
20
Q
beta waves
definition
A
-very rapid
-relatively narrow oscillations during normal wakefulness
21
Q
alpha waves
definition
A
-low frequency
-in extremely relaxed wakeful states when eyes are closed
22
Q
theta waves
definition
A
produced under conditions of drowsiness + light sleep
23
Q
delta waves
definition
A
slower + wider in the deepest levels of NREM sleep
24
Q
how many stages of sleep are there?
A
5
25
stage 1 of sleep: NREM or REM?
-NREM
26
stage 1 of sleep: what waves?
theta waves
27
stage 1 of sleep: what occurs?
-sleep onset; light sleep 5-10 minutes
-hypnagogic imagery
-myoclonic jerks
28
hypnagogic imagery
| definition
scrambled, bizarre, dreamlike images that flit in/out of consciousness
29
hypnagogic imagery
| example
images of ghosts/other spirits
30
myoclonic jerks
| definition
sudden jerks of our limbs as if being startled/falling
31
stage 2 of sleep: REM or NREM?
NREM
32
stage 2 of sleep: what waves?
theta waves
33
stage 2 of sleep: what occurs?
-light sleep
-brain activity decelerates, heart rate slows, body temp decreases, muscles relax, eye movements cease
-sleep spindles
-k-complexes
34
sleep spindles
| definition
sudden intense bursts of electrical activity
35
k-complexes
| definition
occasional sharply rising + falling waves
36
majority of our sleep is in what stage of sleep?
stage 2
37
stage 3 of sleep: REM or NREM?
NREM
38
stage 3 of sleep: what waves?
theta + delta waves
39
stage 3 of sleep: what occurs?
-1st stage of deep/slow-wave sleep
-difficult to awaken
40
stage 4 of sleep: REM or NREM?
NREM
41
stage 4 of sleep: what waves?
delta waves predominate over theta waves
42
stage 4 of sleep: what occurs?
-sleep deepends further
-very difficult to awaken
-slow-wave, deep sleep
43
to feel fully rested in the morning...
we need to experience deeper sleep throughout the night
44
children or adults spend more time in deep sleep?
children
45
what suppresses delta wave sleep?
alcohol
46
stage 5 of sleep: REM or NREM?
REM
47
stage 5 of sleep: what waves?
beta, alpha, + theta waves
48
stage 5 of sleep: what occurs?
-the most intense + vivid periods of dreaming occur
-paradoxical sleep because brain is active while body is inactive
-high gear, high frequency, low-amplitude waves resembling those of wakefulness, increased heart rate + BP, rapid + irregular breathing
49
why is stage 5 of sleep called paradoxical sleep?
the brain is active at the same time the body is inactive
-activated sleep
50
REM behavior disorder
| definition
brainstem structures that ordinarily prevent us from moving during REM sleep don't function properly
-may be an early marker of dementia + Parkinson's disease
51
when humans are derived of REM for a few nights, what do we experience?
REM rebound
52
REM rebound
| definition
-the amount + intensity of REM sleep increases, suggesting that REM serves a critical biological function
-once we finally get a good night's sleep, we often experience much more intense dreams/nightmares
53
cognitive activity
| definition
-unemotional + non-hallucinatory
-lacks a story or dramatic progression
54
ordinary dreaming
| definition
dreams depicting relatively realistic activites + recognizable characters
55
ordinary dreaming occurs most in REM or NREM?
NREM
56
apex dreaming
| definition
the most intense, bizarre, non-rational, + hallucinatory dreams
-includes lucid dreaming
-features of both waking + REM sleep
57
lucid dream
| definition
when you dream + know you are dreaming
58
sleep paralysis
| definition
a strange experience of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately on wakening
59
insomnia
| definition
a chronic difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and/or being unable to obtain restful sleep
60
narcolepsy
| definition
a neurological illness where sufferers fall asleep when speaking or doing tasks
61
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
| definition
sleep disorder resulitng in repeated narrowing at various sites along the upper airway throughout the night, leading to complete/partial inability to breathe
62
night terror
| definition
when one sleeps peacefully + all of a sudden becomes frightened
-happens most in children but they usually grow out of it
63
sleepwalk + sexsomnia
| definition
doing activity during sleep
64
Freud's dream protection theory
| definition
dreams are disguised wishes
-wish fulfillment, many are sexual in nature
65
activation-synthesis theory
| definition
dreams reflect the activated brain's attempt to make sense of random + internally generated neural signals during REM sleep with surges of acetylcholine in the pons leading to activation + synthesis in the forebrain
66
dreams + the forebrain theory
| definition
dreams are driven largely by the motivational + emotional control centers of the forebrain as the logical "exectuive" part of the brain snooze
67
neurocognitive theory of dreaming
| definition
dreams are reflections of waking life + are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities which shape. what we dream about
-the older, the more complex our dreams are
68
psychoactive drug
| definition
substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons
69
substance use disorders
| definition
people with substance use disorder experience significant impairment/distress associated with 1 or more drugs
70
name the 3 aspects of substance use disorders
-tolerance
-withdrawal
-physical/psychological dependence
71
tolerance
| definition
a progessive need for more + more of the drug to achieve the same effect
72
withdrawal
| definition
unpleasant physiological symptoms (insomnia, anxiety, seizures, etc.) experienced when the body is deprived of a drug to which it has biologically adapted as a result of habitual use
73
physical dependence
| definition
dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms
74
psychological dependence
| definition
nonphysiological dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings
75
explanations for substance use
| name 4
-sociocultural influences
-addictive personality
-learning + expectantances (tension reduction hypothesis)
-genetic influences
76
tension reduction hypothesis
| definition
people consume alcohol to reduce tension from stressors in their lives
77
depressants
| definition
depress the CNS + produce relaxation or sleepiness
-sedative + hypnotic
78
depressants
| examples
-alcohol
-barbiturates
-benzodiazepines
-Quaaludes
-Valium
79
sedative
| definition
drug that exerts a calming effect
80
hypnotic
| definition
drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect
81
alcohol
| definition
-ethanol
-the most widely used/abused psychoactive drug
82
is alcohol a stimulant?
only at relatively low doses
83
legal cutoff for legal intoxication while operating a vehicle
blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08
84
stimulants
| definition
drugs that stimulate CNS (increased heartbeat, respiration, + BP) + produce alertness/energy, feelings of exhilaration, alertness, confidence, + mood elevation
85
stimulants
| examples
-tobacco
-nicotine
-caffeine
-cocaine/crack
-amphetamines/adderall
-methamphetamine/crystal meth
86
effects of cocaine/crack
-euphoria
-enhanced mental physical capacity
-stimulation
-decrease in hunger
-indifference to pain
-sense of well-being
-diminished fatigue
87
effects of amphetamines/crystal meth
| for occasional use, regular use, + street users
occasional use:
-postpone fatigue
-elevated mood
regular use:
-euphoria-producing effects
street users:
-rush of pleasure
-restlessness
-talkative
-excited to prolong euphoria
-inability to sleep
-loss of appetite
-paranoid delusions
88
example of an amphetamine
-crystal meth
-adderall
89
methamphetamine
| definition
-known as crystal meth
-closely related to chemical structure of amphetamines
90
are amphetamines or methamphetamine more powerful?
methamphetamine
-generally has a higher purity level
-carries high risk of overdose/dependece
91
effects of nicotine
-enhances positive emotional reactions
-minimizes negative emotional
92
adjustive value
| definition
something that can enhance positive emotional reactions + minimize negative emotional reactions
93
what drug has adjustive value?
nicotine
-also many other drugs taken for nonmedical purposes
94
narcotics are the same as ____
opioids
95
effects of narcotics/opioids
-relieve pain
-induce sleep
96
examples of narcotics/opioids
-heroin
-morphine
-codeine
-oxycodone
97
effect of heroin
strong sense of euphoria limited to a few hours
98
effects of psychadelics/hallucinogenics
substantially alter one's perception of reality, mood, + thought
99
examples of psychadelics/hallucinogenics
-marijuana
-LSD
-ecstasy/molly/MDMA
-psilocybin
-ketamine
100
effects of marijuana
mild hallucinogenic + sedative
low dosage:
-sense of time slowing down
-enhanced sensation of touch
-increased appreciation for sound
-hunger
-feeling of well-being
-tendency to giggle
-later quiet
-introspective
-sleepy
high dosage:
-disturbance in short term memory
-exaggerated emotions
-altered sense of self
-panic
101
effects of LSD
-marked change in the brain
-decreased electrical activity
-increased blood flow
-increasd communication among neural networks
-feeling of "ego dissolution"
102
effects of ecstasy/molly/MDMA
-both stimulant + hallucinogenic properties
-produces cascades of serotonin
-increased self-confidence
-increased well-being
-powerful feelings of empathy for others
103
mental set
| definition
beliefs + expectancies about the effects of drugs
-the settings in which people take these drugs, their cultural heritage, + genetic endowment all account for highs/lows of drug use
104
hallucinations
| definition
realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of any external stimuli
-can occur in any sensory modality
-can occur in both psychologically disturbed + ordinary individuals
105
out-of-body experiences (OBE)
| definition
the sense of our consciousness leaving our body
106
out-of-body experiences (OBE)
| example
floating above own body calming observing self from above
107
near-death experiences (NDE)
| definition
the experience reported by people who've nearly died or thought they were going to die
108
near-death experiences (NDE)
| example
-through dark tunnel
-white light
-etc.
109
what can occur in near-death experiences?
out-of-body experiences
-OBE can occur in NDE
110
mystical experiences
| definition
feelings of unity or oneness with the world
-often with strong spiritual overtones
111
hypnosis
| definition
an interpersonal situation in which imaginative suggestions are administers to produce changes in consciousness
112
what do sociocognative theorists reject?
the idea that hypnosis is a trace state/unique state of consciousness
113
sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
| definition
people's attitudes, beliefs, motivations, + expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to imagine + respond to walking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis
114
dissociation theory of hypnosis
| definition
emphasizes that hypnotic suggestions result in a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
