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Psychology > Chapter 5: Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

definition

A

our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, + our mental perspectives

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2
Q

sleep is a form of ____

A

consciousness

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3
Q

why do we sleep?

4 reasons

A

-to rest/rejuvinate; restore strength + conserve energy
-to remember; consolidate + retain memories
-to forget; regulate strength of brain synapses to clean out junk in the brain
-to promote functioning; support immune system/problem solving

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4
Q

circadian rhythm

definition

A

cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in manyof our biological processes
-including hormone release, brain waves, body temp, + drowsiness

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5
Q

biological clock

definition

A

the area of the hypothalamus that’s responsible for controlling our levels of alertness

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6
Q

melatonin

definition

A

hormones produced by the pineal gland deep within the brain
-strongly associated with the onset of sleep

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7
Q

how is melatonin stimulated?

A

stimulated during periods of darkness

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8
Q

how is melatonin inhibited?

A

by light

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9
Q

sleep debt

definition

A

built up when not enough sleep occurs on a given night relative to the amount you normally require

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10
Q

how many hours of sleep do most of us need?

A

7-10 hours per night

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11
Q

jet lag

definition

A

the more time zones passed through, the longer it takes for the body’s clock to reset

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12
Q

late work shifts lead to what problems?

A

-increased risk of injuries
-fatal accidents
-health problems

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13
Q

2 types of sleep

A

-rapid-eye movement (REM sleep, active sleep)
-non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM sleep, slow-wave sleep)

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14
Q

what is rapid-eye movement sleep called?

A

active sleep

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15
Q

REM sleep

definition

A

-high levels of brain + nervous system activity
-rapid movements of eyes
-intensely vivid dreaming

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16
Q

locus coeruleus

definition

A

brainstem region responsible for keeping us paralyzed during REM

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17
Q

what is non-rapid-eye-movement sleep called?

A

slow-wave sleep

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18
Q

NREM sleep

definition

A

-deepest levels of relaxation
-reduced brain activity

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19
Q

4 principal types of brain waves

A

-beta
-alpha
-theta
-delta

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20
Q

beta waves

definition

A

-very rapid
-relatively narrow oscillations during normal wakefulness

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21
Q

alpha waves

definition

A

-low frequency
-in extremely relaxed wakeful states when eyes are closed

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22
Q

theta waves

definition

A

produced under conditions of drowsiness + light sleep

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23
Q

delta waves

definition

A

slower + wider in the deepest levels of NREM sleep

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24
Q

how many stages of sleep are there?

A

5

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25
Q

stage 1 of sleep: NREM or REM?

A

-NREM

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26
Q

stage 1 of sleep: what waves?

A

theta waves

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27
Q

stage 1 of sleep: what occurs?

A

-sleep onset; light sleep 5-10 minutes
-hypnagogic imagery
-myoclonic jerks

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28
Q

hypnagogic imagery

definition

A

scrambled, bizarre, dreamlike images that flit in/out of consciousness

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29
Q

hypnagogic imagery

example

A

images of ghosts/other spirits

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30
Q

myoclonic jerks

definition

A

sudden jerks of our limbs as if being startled/falling

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31
Q

stage 2 of sleep: REM or NREM?

A

NREM

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32
Q

stage 2 of sleep: what waves?

A

theta waves

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33
Q

stage 2 of sleep: what occurs?

A

-light sleep
-brain activity decelerates, heart rate slows, body temp decreases, muscles relax, eye movements cease
-sleep spindles
-k-complexes

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34
Q

sleep spindles

definition

A

sudden intense bursts of electrical activity

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35
Q

k-complexes

definition

A

occasional sharply rising + falling waves

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36
Q

majority of our sleep is in what stage of sleep?

A

stage 2

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37
Q

stage 3 of sleep: REM or NREM?

A

NREM

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38
Q

stage 3 of sleep: what waves?

A

theta + delta waves

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39
Q

stage 3 of sleep: what occurs?

A

-1st stage of deep/slow-wave sleep
-difficult to awaken

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40
Q

stage 4 of sleep: REM or NREM?

A

NREM

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41
Q

stage 4 of sleep: what waves?

A

delta waves predominate over theta waves

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42
Q

stage 4 of sleep: what occurs?

A

-sleep deepends further
-very difficult to awaken
-slow-wave, deep sleep

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43
Q

to feel fully rested in the morning…

A

we need to experience deeper sleep throughout the night

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44
Q

children or adults spend more time in deep sleep?

A

children

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45
Q

what suppresses delta wave sleep?

A

alcohol

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46
Q

stage 5 of sleep: REM or NREM?

A

REM

47
Q

stage 5 of sleep: what waves?

A

beta, alpha, + theta waves

48
Q

stage 5 of sleep: what occurs?

A

-the most intense + vivid periods of dreaming occur
-paradoxical sleep because brain is active while body is inactive
-high gear, high frequency, low-amplitude waves resembling those of wakefulness, increased heart rate + BP, rapid + irregular breathing

49
Q

why is stage 5 of sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A

the brain is active at the same time the body is inactive
-activated sleep

50
Q

REM behavior disorder

definition

A

brainstem structures that ordinarily prevent us from moving during REM sleep don’t function properly
-may be an early marker of dementia + Parkinson’s disease

51
Q

when humans are derived of REM for a few nights, what do we experience?

A

REM rebound

52
Q

REM rebound

definition

A

-the amount + intensity of REM sleep increases, suggesting that REM serves a critical biological function
-once we finally get a good night’s sleep, we often experience much more intense dreams/nightmares

53
Q

cognitive activity

definition

A

-unemotional + non-hallucinatory
-lacks a story or dramatic progression

54
Q

ordinary dreaming

definition

A

dreams depicting relatively realistic activites + recognizable characters

55
Q

ordinary dreaming occurs most in REM or NREM?

A

NREM

56
Q

apex dreaming

definition

A

the most intense, bizarre, non-rational, + hallucinatory dreams
-includes lucid dreaming
-features of both waking + REM sleep

57
Q

lucid dream

definition

A

when you dream + know you are dreaming

58
Q

sleep paralysis

definition

A

a strange experience of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately on wakening

59
Q

insomnia

definition

A

a chronic difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and/or being unable to obtain restful sleep

60
Q

narcolepsy

definition

A

a neurological illness where sufferers fall asleep when speaking or doing tasks

61
Q

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

definition

A

sleep disorder resulitng in repeated narrowing at various sites along the upper airway throughout the night, leading to complete/partial inability to breathe

62
Q

night terror

definition

A

when one sleeps peacefully + all of a sudden becomes frightened
-happens most in children but they usually grow out of it

63
Q

sleepwalk + sexsomnia

definition

A

doing activity during sleep

64
Q

Freud’s dream protection theory

definition

A

dreams are disguised wishes
-wish fulfillment, many are sexual in nature

65
Q

activation-synthesis theory

definition

A

dreams reflect the activated brain’s attempt to make sense of random + internally generated neural signals during REM sleep with surges of acetylcholine in the pons leading to activation + synthesis in the forebrain

66
Q

dreams + the forebrain theory

definition

A

dreams are driven largely by the motivational + emotional control centers of the forebrain as the logical “exectuive” part of the brain snooze

67
Q

neurocognitive theory of dreaming

definition

A

dreams are reflections of waking life + are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities which shape. what we dream about
-the older, the more complex our dreams are

68
Q

psychoactive drug

definition

A

substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons

69
Q

substance use disorders

definition

A

people with substance use disorder experience significant impairment/distress associated with 1 or more drugs

70
Q

name the 3 aspects of substance use disorders

A

-tolerance
-withdrawal
-physical/psychological dependence

71
Q

tolerance

definition

A

a progessive need for more + more of the drug to achieve the same effect

72
Q

withdrawal

definition

A

unpleasant physiological symptoms (insomnia, anxiety, seizures, etc.) experienced when the body is deprived of a drug to which it has biologically adapted as a result of habitual use

73
Q

physical dependence

definition

A

dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms

74
Q

psychological dependence

definition

A

nonphysiological dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings

75
Q

explanations for substance use

name 4

A

-sociocultural influences
-addictive personality
-learning + expectantances (tension reduction hypothesis)
-genetic influences

76
Q

tension reduction hypothesis

definition

A

people consume alcohol to reduce tension from stressors in their lives

77
Q

depressants

definition

A

depress the CNS + produce relaxation or sleepiness
-sedative + hypnotic

78
Q

depressants

examples

A

-alcohol
-barbiturates
-benzodiazepines
-Quaaludes
-Valium

79
Q

sedative

definition

A

drug that exerts a calming effect

80
Q

hypnotic

definition

A

drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect

81
Q

alcohol

definition

A

-ethanol
-the most widely used/abused psychoactive drug

82
Q

is alcohol a stimulant?

A

only at relatively low doses

83
Q

legal cutoff for legal intoxication while operating a vehicle

A

blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08

84
Q

stimulants

definition

A

drugs that stimulate CNS (increased heartbeat, respiration, + BP) + produce alertness/energy, feelings of exhilaration, alertness, confidence, + mood elevation

85
Q

stimulants

examples

A

-tobacco
-nicotine
-caffeine
-cocaine/crack
-amphetamines/adderall
-methamphetamine/crystal meth

86
Q

effects of cocaine/crack

A

-euphoria
-enhanced mental physical capacity
-stimulation
-decrease in hunger
-indifference to pain
-sense of well-being
-diminished fatigue

87
Q

effects of amphetamines/crystal meth

for occasional use, regular use, + street users

A

occasional use:
-postpone fatigue
-elevated mood

regular use:
-euphoria-producing effects

street users:
-rush of pleasure
-restlessness
-talkative
-excited to prolong euphoria
-inability to sleep
-loss of appetite
-paranoid delusions

88
Q

example of an amphetamine

A

-crystal meth
-adderall

89
Q

methamphetamine

definition

A

-known as crystal meth
-closely related to chemical structure of amphetamines

90
Q

are amphetamines or methamphetamine more powerful?

A

methamphetamine
-generally has a higher purity level
-carries high risk of overdose/dependece

91
Q

effects of nicotine

A

-enhances positive emotional reactions
-minimizes negative emotional

92
Q

adjustive value

definition

A

something that can enhance positive emotional reactions + minimize negative emotional reactions

93
Q

what drug has adjustive value?

A

nicotine
-also many other drugs taken for nonmedical purposes

94
Q

narcotics are the same as ____

A

opioids

95
Q

effects of narcotics/opioids

A

-relieve pain
-induce sleep

96
Q

examples of narcotics/opioids

A

-heroin
-morphine
-codeine
-oxycodone

97
Q

effect of heroin

A

strong sense of euphoria limited to a few hours

98
Q

effects of psychadelics/hallucinogenics

A

substantially alter one’s perception of reality, mood, + thought

99
Q

examples of psychadelics/hallucinogenics

A

-marijuana
-LSD
-ecstasy/molly/MDMA
-psilocybin
-ketamine

100
Q

effects of marijuana

A

mild hallucinogenic + sedative

low dosage:
-sense of time slowing down
-enhanced sensation of touch
-increased appreciation for sound
-hunger
-feeling of well-being
-tendency to giggle
-later quiet
-introspective
-sleepy

high dosage:
-disturbance in short term memory
-exaggerated emotions
-altered sense of self
-panic

101
Q

effects of LSD

A

-marked change in the brain
-decreased electrical activity
-increased blood flow
-increasd communication among neural networks
-feeling of “ego dissolution”

102
Q

effects of ecstasy/molly/MDMA

A

-both stimulant + hallucinogenic properties
-produces cascades of serotonin
-increased self-confidence
-increased well-being
-powerful feelings of empathy for others

103
Q

mental set

definition

A

beliefs + expectancies about the effects of drugs
-the settings in which people take these drugs, their cultural heritage, + genetic endowment all account for highs/lows of drug use

104
Q

hallucinations

definition

A

realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of any external stimuli
-can occur in any sensory modality
-can occur in both psychologically disturbed + ordinary individuals

105
Q

out-of-body experiences (OBE)

definition

A

the sense of our consciousness leaving our body

106
Q

out-of-body experiences (OBE)

example

A

floating above own body calming observing self from above

107
Q

near-death experiences (NDE)

definition

A

the experience reported by people who’ve nearly died or thought they were going to die

108
Q

near-death experiences (NDE)

example

A

-through dark tunnel
-white light
-etc.

109
Q

what can occur in near-death experiences?

A

out-of-body experiences
-OBE can occur in NDE

110
Q

mystical experiences

definition

A

feelings of unity or oneness with the world
-often with strong spiritual overtones

111
Q

hypnosis

definition

A

an interpersonal situation in which imaginative suggestions are administers to produce changes in consciousness

112
Q

what do sociocognative theorists reject?

A

the idea that hypnosis is a trace state/unique state of consciousness

113
Q

sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

definition

A

people’s attitudes, beliefs, motivations, + expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to imagine + respond to walking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis

114
Q

dissociation theory of hypnosis

definition

A

emphasizes that hypnotic suggestions result in a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated

Psychology (15 decks)

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