***Chapter 15: Psychological + Biological Treatments Flashcards
psychotherapy
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, + interpersonal problems + improve the quality of their lives
who is psychotherapy done by
-licensed professionals
-paraprofessionals
who is psychotherapy done for
-individuals with anxiety, + those with minor + temporary problems, are most likely to benefit from therapy
-socioeconomic status, gender, age, + ethnicity don’t predict treatment outcomes
insight
accurate self-knowledge
psychoanalysis
-one of the 1st forms of psychotherapy
-goals being to decrease guilt + frustration, make the unconscious conscious
-psychoanalytic therapists as analysts
key ingredients of psychoanalysis
-free association
-interpretation
-dream analysis
-resistance
-transference
-working through
free association
free expression without censorship
interpretation
“having multiple accidents may serve an unconscious purpose of getting attention that you would not get otherwise”
dream analysis
“the ogre in a dream may represent a hated + feared parent”
resistance
attempts to avoid confrontation + anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, + impulses
transference
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings + expectations from the past onto the therapist
working through
gaining insight as the 1st step, need to keep working on it
psychodynamic theory
Neo-Freudian tradition
psychodynamic theory/Neo-Freudian
-more concerned with conscious aspects of the client’s functioning (emphasizing individualization-the integration of opposing aspects of the personality)
-emphasize the impact of cultural + interpersonal influences across the life span (interpersonal therapy)
-emphasize the impact of other needs
-more optimistic regarding achieving healthy functioning
-more varied + flexible therapy techniques (interpersonal therapy)
psychoanalytic + psychodynamic therapy critiques
-insight may not be necessary to relieve psychological distress
-traumatic memories may not necessarily be repressed or can even be distorted
-lack of falsification
person-centered therapy focuses on ___
attaining acceptance
person-centered therapy
-help to increase awareness + heightened self-acceptance; help people to think more realistically, be more tolerant of others, engage in more adaptive behaviors
-nondirective- clients encouraged to direct the course of therapy + no identification of the client’s problems/causes
-therapist shows warmth, empathy, unconditional acceptance, using reflective listening, avoiding confrontation as in motivational interviewing
to ensure a positive outcome in person-centered therapy, the therapist must…
-be authentic, genuine person who reveals their own reactions to what the client is communicating
-express unconditional positive regard (nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings the client expressed) that help elicit a more positive self-concept
-relate to clients with empathic understanding (reflection, or mirroring back the client’s feelings)
Gestalt therapy focuses on ___
becoming whole
Gestalt therapy
-aims to integrate different + sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
-Gestalt (configuration) means an organized whole
-2-chair technique: good boy vs. spoiled brat
-emphasizing accepting responsibility for one’s feelings, maintaining contact with the here + now than getting stuck in the past or imagining the future
what therapy uses the 2-chair technique
Gestalt therapy
what does Gestalt (configuration) mean
an organized whole
existential therapy
human beings construct meaning + mental illness stems from a failure to find meaning in life
logotherapy
treatment of the patient’s attitudes toward his/her existence
behavioral + cognitive-behavioral therapies focus on ___
changing maladaptive actions + thoughts
behavioral + cognitive-behavioral therapies
-focus on specific behaviors, address the current variables
-disorders represent learned patterns of maladaptive behaviors
-use a wide variety of behavioral assessment (ecological momentary assessment)
-therapist as teacher- taking active role in therapy
exposure therapy is what type of therapy
behavioral therapies
exposure therapy
phobias are maintained by avoidance of the feared object/situation, + the solution is to face directly
what 2 things occur in exposure therapy
-systematic desensitization
-flooding
systematic desensitization
exposes the client over time to increasingly intense + uncomfortable mental/visual images of the feared object/situation
flooding
takes a more brutal approach + essentially tosses the client in at the highest possible level of anxiety-provoking situation + keeps them there—sometimes for hours at a time, “response prevention”
-virtual reality exposure therapy
modeling in therapy focuses on ___
learning by watching
participant modeling
technique in which the therapist 1st models a problematic situation + then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
assertion training
facilitate the expression of thoughts + feelings in a forthright + socially appropriate manner to not be too submissive/aggressive
behavioral rehearsal
the therapist plays the role of a relevant person (spouse, boss, parent)
token economy
method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards
aversion therapy
treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors
token economy + aversion therapy encompass what concept
operant + classical conditioning
cognitive behavioral therapies
beliefs play the central role in our feelings + behaviors
3 major assumptions of cognitive behavioral therapies
-cognitions are identifiable + measurable
-cognitions are the key players in both healthy/unhealthy psychological functioning
-irrational beliefs/catastrophic thinking can be replaced with more rational/adaptive cognitions
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
-emphasizes changing how we think/act
-our vulnerability to psychological disturbance results from the frequency + strength in our irrational beliefs
example of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
“it’s easier to avoid confronting many of life’s challenges + responsibilities than it is to become self-disciplined”
ABC-DEF scheme
Activating unpleasant event ->
Belief system differences -> Consequences differences ->
Disputing irrational beliefs ->
Effective rational beliefs ->
Feelings that are desired
cognitive therapy
emphasizes identifying + modifying distorted thoughts + long-held negative core beliefs
-“I’m unlovable”
what is cognitive therapy helpful for
depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder
stress inoculation training
therapists “inoculate” clients against an upcoming stressor by getting them to anticipate it + develop cognitive skills to minimize its harm
3rd wave of cognitive-behavioral therapy new goal
not try to change maladaptive behaviors + negative thought, but to assist clients with accepting + being mindful of + attuned to all aspects of their experiences in the moment
acceptance + commitment therapy (ACT)
-emphasize negative thoughts are merely thoughts, not “facts”
-encourage to accept + tolerate the full range of their feelings + to act in keeping with their goals + values
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
-combines mindfulness (ex: meditation) with cognitive therapy
-pay attention to the inflow/outflow of the breath while allowing thoughts + feelings to come + go without judgement
dialectical behavioral therapy
-used frequently for treating borderline personality disorder
-addresses the dialectic (the apparent contradiction between opposing tendencies- of changing problematic behavior + accepting it)
-accept intense emotions while actively attempting to cope with these emotions by making changes in their lives
dialectic
the apparent contradiction between opposing tendencies of changing problematic behavior
what is dialectical behavioral therapy mainly used for
BPD
group therapy
-typically range in size from 3-20 clients
-efficient, timesaving, less costly than individual treatments
-conducted in a variety of settings
-span all major schools of psychotherapy
-effective for a wide range of problems + are about as helpful as individual treatments
self-help groups
-Alcoholics anonymous (AA)- the best known self-help group
-organized around the 12 steps toward sobriety
-assumes that alcoholism is a physical disease- “once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic”
-place trust in a higher power + acknowledge their powerlessness over alcohol
-offers a powerful social support network
-success claims not supported by data
family therapies
family unit as the focus of treatment assuming most psychological problems rooted in a dysfunctional family system
strategic family therapy
-designed to remove barriers to effective communication
-the therapist uses directives (carry out planned tasks) to help shift how family members solve problems + interact
structural family therapy
therapist actively immerses himself/herself in the everyday activities of the family to make changes in how they arrange + organize interactions
the dodo bird verdict
the conclusion that all therapies are equivalent in their effects
is psychotherapy effective?
arguments to dodo bird effect
-behavioral + cognitive-behavioral treatments are clearly more effective for children + adolescents with behavior problems
-behavioral + cognitive-behavioral therapies consistently outperform most other therapies for anxiety-related disorders
-some clients may even become worse because of psychotherapy
nonspecific factors
those that cut across many/most therapies
name some nonspecific factors
-listening with empathy
-instilling hope
-establishing a strong emotional bond with clients
-providing a clear theoretical rationale for treatment
-implementing techniques with new ways of thinking/feeling/behaving
specific factors
characterize only certain therapies
name some specific factors
-meditating
-challenging irrational beliefs
-social skills training
psychopharmacotherapy
the use of medications to treat psychological problems
psychopharmacotherapy for psychotic conditions
-neuroleptics/ antipsychotics
-major tranquilizers
psychopharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder
mood stabilizers
psychopharmacotherapy for depression
antidepressants
psychopharmacotherapy for anxiety
anxiolytics
psychopharmacotherapy for attentional problems
psychostimulants
what to watch out for in psychopharmacotherapy
-be aware of side effects
-don’t overprescribe medications
-carefully monitor the effects of multiple medications (polypharmacy)
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
patient’s receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat psychological problems
-not painful or dangerous
-doesn’t invariably produce memory loss, personality changes, or brain damage
transcranial stimulation
surgeons implant a small electrical device under the skin near the breastbone to stimulate the vagus nerve to treat severe depression for patients not responsive to other treatments
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
non-invasive brain stimulation; a changing magnetic field used to induce an electric current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction
psychosurgery
brain surgery to treat psychological problems, the most radical + controversial of all biomedical treatments; the last resort
