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Psychology > ***Chapter 15: Psychological + Biological Treatments > Flashcards

***Chapter 15: Psychological + Biological Treatments Flashcards

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1
Q

psychotherapy

A

a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, + interpersonal problems + improve the quality of their lives

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1
Q

who is psychotherapy done by

A

-licensed professionals
-paraprofessionals

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2
Q

who is psychotherapy done for

A

-individuals with anxiety, + those with minor + temporary problems, are most likely to benefit from therapy
-socioeconomic status, gender, age, + ethnicity don’t predict treatment outcomes

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3
Q

insight

A

accurate self-knowledge

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4
Q

psychoanalysis

A

-one of the 1st forms of psychotherapy
-goals being to decrease guilt + frustration, make the unconscious conscious
-psychoanalytic therapists as analysts

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5
Q

key ingredients of psychoanalysis

A

-free association
-interpretation
-dream analysis
-resistance
-transference
-working through

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6
Q

free association

A

free expression without censorship

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7
Q

interpretation

A

“having multiple accidents may serve an unconscious purpose of getting attention that you would not get otherwise”

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8
Q

dream analysis

A

“the ogre in a dream may represent a hated + feared parent”

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9
Q

resistance

A

attempts to avoid confrontation + anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, + impulses

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10
Q

transference

A

projecting intense, unrealistic feelings + expectations from the past onto the therapist

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11
Q

working through

A

gaining insight as the 1st step, need to keep working on it

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12
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

Neo-Freudian tradition

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13
Q

psychodynamic theory/Neo-Freudian

A

-more concerned with conscious aspects of the client’s functioning (emphasizing individualization-the integration of opposing aspects of the personality)

-emphasize the impact of cultural + interpersonal influences across the life span (interpersonal therapy)

-emphasize the impact of other needs

-more optimistic regarding achieving healthy functioning

-more varied + flexible therapy techniques (interpersonal therapy)

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14
Q

psychoanalytic + psychodynamic therapy critiques

A

-insight may not be necessary to relieve psychological distress
-traumatic memories may not necessarily be repressed or can even be distorted
-lack of falsification

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15
Q

person-centered therapy focuses on ___

A

attaining acceptance

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16
Q

person-centered therapy

A

-help to increase awareness + heightened self-acceptance; help people to think more realistically, be more tolerant of others, engage in more adaptive behaviors

-nondirective- clients encouraged to direct the course of therapy + no identification of the client’s problems/causes

-therapist shows warmth, empathy, unconditional acceptance, using reflective listening, avoiding confrontation as in motivational interviewing

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17
Q

to ensure a positive outcome in person-centered therapy, the therapist must…

A

-be authentic, genuine person who reveals their own reactions to what the client is communicating

-express unconditional positive regard (nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings the client expressed) that help elicit a more positive self-concept

-relate to clients with empathic understanding (reflection, or mirroring back the client’s feelings)

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18
Q

Gestalt therapy focuses on ___

A

becoming whole

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19
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

-aims to integrate different + sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

-Gestalt (configuration) means an organized whole

-2-chair technique: good boy vs. spoiled brat

-emphasizing accepting responsibility for one’s feelings, maintaining contact with the here + now than getting stuck in the past or imagining the future

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20
Q

what therapy uses the 2-chair technique

A

Gestalt therapy

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21
Q

what does Gestalt (configuration) mean

A

an organized whole

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22
Q

existential therapy

A

human beings construct meaning + mental illness stems from a failure to find meaning in life

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23
Q

logotherapy

A

treatment of the patient’s attitudes toward his/her existence

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24
Q

behavioral + cognitive-behavioral therapies focus on ___

A

changing maladaptive actions + thoughts

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25
Q

behavioral + cognitive-behavioral therapies

A

-focus on specific behaviors, address the current variables
-disorders represent learned patterns of maladaptive behaviors
-use a wide variety of behavioral assessment (ecological momentary assessment)
-therapist as teacher- taking active role in therapy

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26
Q

exposure therapy is what type of therapy

A

behavioral therapies

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27
Q

exposure therapy

A

phobias are maintained by avoidance of the feared object/situation, + the solution is to face directly

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28
Q

what 2 things occur in exposure therapy

A

-systematic desensitization
-flooding

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29
Q

systematic desensitization

A

exposes the client over time to increasingly intense + uncomfortable mental/visual images of the feared object/situation

30
Q

flooding

A

takes a more brutal approach + essentially tosses the client in at the highest possible level of anxiety-provoking situation + keeps them there—sometimes for hours at a time, “response prevention”
-virtual reality exposure therapy

31
Q

modeling in therapy focuses on ___

A

learning by watching

32
Q

participant modeling

A

technique in which the therapist 1st models a problematic situation + then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted

33
Q

assertion training

A

facilitate the expression of thoughts + feelings in a forthright + socially appropriate manner to not be too submissive/aggressive

34
Q

behavioral rehearsal

A

the therapist plays the role of a relevant person (spouse, boss, parent)

35
Q

token economy

A

method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards

36
Q

aversion therapy

A

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

37
Q

token economy + aversion therapy encompass what concept

A

operant + classical conditioning

38
Q

cognitive behavioral therapies

A

beliefs play the central role in our feelings + behaviors

39
Q

3 major assumptions of cognitive behavioral therapies

A

-cognitions are identifiable + measurable
-cognitions are the key players in both healthy/unhealthy psychological functioning
-irrational beliefs/catastrophic thinking can be replaced with more rational/adaptive cognitions

40
Q

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A

-emphasizes changing how we think/act
-our vulnerability to psychological disturbance results from the frequency + strength in our irrational beliefs

41
Q

example of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A

“it’s easier to avoid confronting many of life’s challenges + responsibilities than it is to become self-disciplined”

42
Q

ABC-DEF scheme

A

Activating unpleasant event ->
Belief system differences -> Consequences differences ->
Disputing irrational beliefs ->
Effective rational beliefs ->
Feelings that are desired

43
Q

cognitive therapy

A

emphasizes identifying + modifying distorted thoughts + long-held negative core beliefs
-“I’m unlovable”

44
Q

what is cognitive therapy helpful for

A

depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder

45
Q

stress inoculation training

A

therapists “inoculate” clients against an upcoming stressor by getting them to anticipate it + develop cognitive skills to minimize its harm

46
Q

3rd wave of cognitive-behavioral therapy new goal

A

not try to change maladaptive behaviors + negative thought, but to assist clients with accepting + being mindful of + attuned to all aspects of their experiences in the moment

47
Q

acceptance + commitment therapy (ACT)

A

-emphasize negative thoughts are merely thoughts, not “facts”
-encourage to accept + tolerate the full range of their feelings + to act in keeping with their goals + values

48
Q

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

A

-combines mindfulness (ex: meditation) with cognitive therapy
-pay attention to the inflow/outflow of the breath while allowing thoughts + feelings to come + go without judgement

49
Q

dialectical behavioral therapy

A

-used frequently for treating borderline personality disorder

-addresses the dialectic (the apparent contradiction between opposing tendencies- of changing problematic behavior + accepting it)

-accept intense emotions while actively attempting to cope with these emotions by making changes in their lives

50
Q

dialectic

A

the apparent contradiction between opposing tendencies of changing problematic behavior

51
Q

what is dialectical behavioral therapy mainly used for

A

BPD

52
Q

group therapy

A

-typically range in size from 3-20 clients
-efficient, timesaving, less costly than individual treatments
-conducted in a variety of settings
-span all major schools of psychotherapy
-effective for a wide range of problems + are about as helpful as individual treatments

53
Q

self-help groups

A

-Alcoholics anonymous (AA)- the best known self-help group
-organized around the 12 steps toward sobriety
-assumes that alcoholism is a physical disease- “once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic”
-place trust in a higher power + acknowledge their powerlessness over alcohol
-offers a powerful social support network
-success claims not supported by data

54
Q

family therapies

A

family unit as the focus of treatment assuming most psychological problems rooted in a dysfunctional family system

55
Q

strategic family therapy

A

-designed to remove barriers to effective communication
-the therapist uses directives (carry out planned tasks) to help shift how family members solve problems + interact

56
Q

structural family therapy

A

therapist actively immerses himself/herself in the everyday activities of the family to make changes in how they arrange + organize interactions

57
Q

the dodo bird verdict

A

the conclusion that all therapies are equivalent in their effects

58
Q

is psychotherapy effective?

arguments to dodo bird effect

A

-behavioral + cognitive-behavioral treatments are clearly more effective for children + adolescents with behavior problems
-behavioral + cognitive-behavioral therapies consistently outperform most other therapies for anxiety-related disorders
-some clients may even become worse because of psychotherapy

59
Q

nonspecific factors

A

those that cut across many/most therapies

60
Q

name some nonspecific factors

A

-listening with empathy
-instilling hope
-establishing a strong emotional bond with clients
-providing a clear theoretical rationale for treatment
-implementing techniques with new ways of thinking/feeling/behaving

61
Q

specific factors

A

characterize only certain therapies

62
Q

name some specific factors

A

-meditating
-challenging irrational beliefs
-social skills training

63
Q

psychopharmacotherapy

A

the use of medications to treat psychological problems

64
Q

psychopharmacotherapy for psychotic conditions

A

-neuroleptics/ antipsychotics
-major tranquilizers

65
Q

psychopharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder

A

mood stabilizers

66
Q

psychopharmacotherapy for depression

A

antidepressants

67
Q

psychopharmacotherapy for anxiety

A

anxiolytics

68
Q

psychopharmacotherapy for attentional problems

A

psychostimulants

69
Q

what to watch out for in psychopharmacotherapy

A

-be aware of side effects
-don’t overprescribe medications
-carefully monitor the effects of multiple medications (polypharmacy)

70
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

patient’s receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat psychological problems

-not painful or dangerous
-doesn’t invariably produce memory loss, personality changes, or brain damage

71
Q

transcranial stimulation

A

surgeons implant a small electrical device under the skin near the breastbone to stimulate the vagus nerve to treat severe depression for patients not responsive to other treatments

72
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

non-invasive brain stimulation; a changing magnetic field used to induce an electric current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction

73
Q

psychosurgery

A

brain surgery to treat psychological problems, the most radical + controversial of all biomedical treatments; the last resort

Psychology (15 decks)

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