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Psychology > Chapter 2: Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

system 1 thinking

A

-intuitive thinking
-quick, reflexive, “gut hunches”
-relies on heuristics

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2
Q

heuristics

A

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb

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3
Q

system 2 thinking

A

analytical thinking, slow + reflective, effortful, override intuitive thinking sometimes

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4
Q

when we conduct science, we are mainly using which type of thinking?

A

system 2 thinking

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5
Q

random selection

A

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
-crucial for generalizing our results to the broader population
-smaller but more random sample is better

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6
Q

evaluating measures

A

based on reliability + validity
-we want to aim for reliable + valid

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7
Q

reliability

A

consistency of measurement

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8
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a measure assesses what is purports to measure

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9
Q

replicability

A

the ability to duplicate the original findings consistently

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10
Q

replicability crisis

A

failure to confirm a # of high profile findings within the field of psychological science

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11
Q

reproductivity

A

the ability to review + reanalyze the data from a study + find exactly the same results
-repeating the same statistical analysis on already-collected data

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12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

-watching participants’ behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate their actions

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13
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which our findings generalize to real-world settings

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14
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which we can draw cause + effect inferences

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15
Q

naturalistic observation is high/low in external validity + high/low in internal validity

A

high in external validity
low in internal validity

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16
Q

case study design

A

-examining 1 or a small # of people, often over an extended period of time
-typically anecdotal; can’t infer causation

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17
Q

case study has low/high internal validity

A

low internal validity

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18
Q

self-report measures

A

-used to assess a variety of characteristics, such as personality traits, mental illnesses, + interests
-cheap + easy to administer

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19
Q

surveys

A

measure people’s opinions + attitudes

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20
Q

disadvantages of self-report measurs

A

-assume the respondents possess enough insight into their personality characteristics to report on them accurately which is not necessarily the case
-respondents may engage in response sets
-malingering

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21
Q

response sets

A

the tendencies to distort their answers to questions in a way that paint them in positive light

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22
Q

malingering

A

the tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed to achieve a clear-cut personal goal

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23
Q

halo effect

A

the tendency of ratings of 1 positive characteristics to “spill over” to influence the ratings of other positive characteristic

24
Q

horns effect

A

opposite of halo effect

25
Q

correlational design

A

research design that examines the extent to which 2 variables are associated

26
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the relationship between 2 variables

27
Q

negative correlation

A

as the value of one variable changes, the other goes in the opposite direction

28
Q

positive correlation

A

as the value of one variable changes, the other goes in the same direction

29
Q

zero correlation

A

scattered

30
Q

perfect correlation

A

close to a linear line

31
Q

describe correlation coefficients

A

range from -1 to 1 with the absolute value indicating the strength of the relationship

32
Q

scatterplot

A

grouping of points on a 2 dimensional graph in which each do represents a single person’s data

33
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a statistical association between 2 variables where none exists

34
Q

what forms the basis of many superstitions?

A

illusory correlation

35
Q

placebo effect

A

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of imporvement

36
Q

nocebo effect

A

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
-the expectation of pain can itself create pain

37
Q

the experimenter expectancy effect

A

researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

38
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis

39
Q

informed consent

A

a procedure in which researchers must tell subjects what they’re getting into before asking them to participate

40
Q

deception

A

when researchers deliberately mislead participants about the study’s design or purpose
-participants should be informed of the deveption soon after the deception takes place

41
Q

statistics

A

application of mathematics to describing + analyzing data

42
Q

central tendency

A

-mean
-median
-mode

43
Q

mean

A

average of all scores

44
Q

median

A

the middle score after ordering the scores from lowest to highest

45
Q

mode

A

most frequent score

46
Q

positive skew

A

mean > mode
-thick on left

47
Q

negative skew

A

mode > mean
-thick on right

48
Q

variability

A

measurs how loosely/tightly bunched the scores are

49
Q

range

A

difference between the highest/lowest scores

50
Q

standard deviation

A

considers how far each data point is from the mean

51
Q

statistical significance

A

the result is believable

52
Q

practical significance

A

the result has real-world importance

53
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistical method that analyzes effects across studies to determine consistent patterns of results

54
Q

2 ways statistics can be misused

A

-reporting measures of central tendency that are non-representative of most participants
-creating visual representations that exaggerate effects

55
Q

sharpening

A

the tendency to exaggerate the gist, or central message, of a study

56
Q

leveling

A

the tendency to minimize the less central details of a study

57
Q

pseudosymmetry

A

o the appearance of a scientific controversy where none exists

Psychology (15 decks)

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