Chapter 2: Research Methods Flashcards
system 1 thinking
-intuitive thinking
-quick, reflexive, “gut hunches”
-relies on heuristics
heuristics
a mental shortcut or rule of thumb
system 2 thinking
analytical thinking, slow + reflective, effortful, override intuitive thinking sometimes
when we conduct science, we are mainly using which type of thinking?
system 2 thinking
random selection
procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
-crucial for generalizing our results to the broader population
-smaller but more random sample is better
evaluating measures
based on reliability + validity
-we want to aim for reliable + valid
reliability
consistency of measurement
validity
the extent to which a measure assesses what is purports to measure
replicability
the ability to duplicate the original findings consistently
replicability crisis
failure to confirm a # of high profile findings within the field of psychological science
reproductivity
the ability to review + reanalyze the data from a study + find exactly the same results
-repeating the same statistical analysis on already-collected data
naturalistic observation
-watching participants’ behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate their actions
external validity
the extent to which our findings generalize to real-world settings
internal validity
the extent to which we can draw cause + effect inferences
naturalistic observation is high/low in external validity + high/low in internal validity
high in external validity
low in internal validity
case study design
-examining 1 or a small # of people, often over an extended period of time
-typically anecdotal; can’t infer causation
case study has low/high internal validity
low internal validity
self-report measures
-used to assess a variety of characteristics, such as personality traits, mental illnesses, + interests
-cheap + easy to administer
surveys
measure people’s opinions + attitudes
disadvantages of self-report measurs
-assume the respondents possess enough insight into their personality characteristics to report on them accurately which is not necessarily the case
-respondents may engage in response sets
-malingering
response sets
the tendencies to distort their answers to questions in a way that paint them in positive light
malingering
the tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed to achieve a clear-cut personal goal