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Psychology > ***Chapter 10: Emotion + Motivation > Flashcards

***Chapter 10: Emotion + Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

emotion

A

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

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2
Q

discrete emotions theory

A

-emphasizes emotions as evolved expressions
-theory that people experience a small # of distinct emotions based on distinct biological roots
-emotional reactions come before thoughts about them; as products of innate motor programs

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3
Q

Ekman’s discrete emotions theory

primary emotions

A

small # of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

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4
Q

Ekman’s discrete emotions theory

what are the 8 emotions identified by Ekman

A

-fear
-anger
-sadness
-joy
-suprise
-disgust
-contempt
-pride

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5
Q

cultural differences in emotion expression

A

-the finding that certain emotions exist across most or all cultures doesn’t mean that cultures are identical in their emotional expressions
-culture can influence the overt expression of emotion

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6
Q

display rules

A

cross-cultural guidelines for how/when to express emotions

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7
Q

physiology of being angry

A

-heart rate increases
-digestive system speeds up

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8
Q

anger is related to what portion of brain

A

region of frontal cortex behind eyes

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9
Q

physiology of being fearful

A

-heart rate increases
-digestive system slows down

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10
Q

fear is related to what part of the brain

A

amygdala

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11
Q

disguist is related to what part of the brain

A

insula, region within limbic system

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12
Q

happiness + sadness physiological response

A

similar in brain activation

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13
Q

one/multiple brain regions participate in all emotions

A

multiple

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14
Q

Duchenne smile

A

genuine smile

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15
Q

Pan Am smile

A

fake smile
-just the corner of the mouth but the eyes don’t wrinkle with the smile

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16
Q

cognitive theories of emotion

A

-think first, feel later
-theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking
-the way we interpret a situation influences what we feel in response to it

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17
Q

are there discrete emotions in cognitive theories of emotion?

A

-no- the boundaries across emotions are blurry
-there are as many different emotions as there are different kinds of thoughts

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18
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
-seeing a bear -> heart pounds, palms sweat, feet run -> I conclude I am scared

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19
Q

somatic

A

physical

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20
Q

Somatic market theory of emotion

A

we consciously + instantaneously use our gut reactions, especially our automatic responses (heart rate, sweating) to guage how we should react
-seeing a bear -> with my heart pounding, palms sweating, I decided to run away

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

proposes that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion + bodily reactions
-seeing a bear -> I feel scared + run away quickly

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22
Q

Schachter + Singer 2-factor theory

A

2 psychological events are required to produce an emotion
-an undifferentiated state of arousal (same state across all emotions)
-an attribution/explanation of that arousal

-seeing a bear -> I become physically aroused + try to figure out the source of that arousal (the bear) -> I label this arousal as fear, which is the emotion I experience

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23
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably towards it

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24
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

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25
nonverbal leakage
an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
26
illustrators
gestures that highlight/accentuate speech -move hand forward to make a point
27
manipulators
gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part -twirl our hair, bite nails
28
emblems
gestures that convey conversational meanings recognized by a culture -nodding head, crossing fingers
29
proxemics
the study of personal space
30
public distance
12 feet or more -public speaking
31
social distance
4-12 feet -conversations among strangers + acsual acquiantances
32
personal distance
1.5-4 feet -conversations among close friends or romantic partners
33
intimate distance
0-1.5 feet -typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, affectionate touching
34
polygraph test (controlled question test)
measures physiological responses following 3 major types of yes-no questions (relevant, irrelevant, control questions)
35
guilty knowledge test
assuming criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t
36
brain-scanning techniques
measuring suspects’ EEG following each item, brain fingerprinting, fMRI
37
truth serum
chemical version of polygraph test
38
integrity test
pencil + paper questionnaire on history of stealing, attitudes towards stealing, perceptions of others' honesty
39
Pinocchio response
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying
40
the polygraph as well as most lie-detection techniques rest on what assumption
Pinocchio reponse -people's bodily reactions give them away when they lie
41
broaden + build theory
happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the big picture we might have otherwise overlooked, find novel solutions to problems, seek more opportunities, + have better social lives
42
positivity effect
tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age
43
affective forecasting
predicting our own + others' happiness
44
durability bias
belief that both our good + bad moods will last longer than they do
45
hedonic treadmill
the tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances
46
hedonic treadmill hypothesis
we begin life with a genetically influenced happiness “set point” from which we bounce up + down in response to short-term life events
47
self-esteem
evaluation of our worth
48
narcissism
-a personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness -respond to negative evaluations by bombarding their opponents with louder noises
49
grandiose narcissism
people of this kind tend to be flamboyant, charming, domineering, brag about own achievements
50
vulnerable narcissism
people of this kind tend to be introverted, preoccupied with self, over-sensitive to perceived minor slights
51
positive illusions
tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do
52
defensive pessimism
strategy of anticipating failure + compensating for this expectation by mentally preparing for negative outcomes
53
positive psychology
a discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
54
motivations
the drives, especially wants + needs, that propel us in specific directions
55
drive reduction theory
-certain drives (like hunger, thirst, + sexual frustration) motivate us to minimize negative feelings + seek pleasure -some drives (thirst) are more powerful than others (hunger) -we are motivated to maintain a given level of psychological homeostasis/equilibrium
56
how long can you live without water?
3-4 days
57
how long can you survive without food?
3 weeks
58
Yerkes-Dodson law
-inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand + mood + performance on the other -arousal affects the strength of our drives -arousal level shifts depending on time of day, substances ingested, task complexity -middle of the curve = optimal perfromance -below optimal point = lower motivation + performance above optimal point = too anxious/stimulated + not able to perform as well
59
approach
certain drives generate a predisposition toward certain stimuli (such as food)
60
avoidance
certain drives generate a predisposition away from certain stimuli (such as frightening animals)
61
incentives theory
theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals -human beings are motivated by the idea of incentives, rather than internal drives/arousal needs -incentives pull us -people come to associate certain experiences with pleasurable sensations + mental states over time
62
incentive
a rewarding condition that provides a motive for behavior
63
intrinsic motivation
motivated by internal goals
64
extrinsic motivation
motivated by external goals
65
most behavior occurs as a result of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation
a combination of both
66
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
-model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs + needs for safety + security before progressing to more complex needs -our needs are arranged in a hierarchy/pyramid with the most basic needs at the bottom -if our basic needs aren't satisfied, we can't progress up the hierarchy
67
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs primary needs
biological necessities
68
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs secondary needs
psychological desires
69
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs example of primary needs
hunger, thirst
70
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs example of secondary needs
achievement, intimacy, friends
71
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs transcendence
to help others achieve self-actualization
72
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs self-actualization
to find self-fulfillment realize potential
73
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs aesthetic needs
to appreciate beauty, order, symmetry
74
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs cognitive needs
to know, understand, explore
75
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs esteem needs
to achieve, be competent, gain approval/recognition
76
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs belonging/love needs
to be with others, accepted, belong
77
# Maslow's hierarchy of needs safety needs
to feel secure + safe, out of danger
78
stomach contractions hypothesis
stomach contracts when empty, causing hunger
79
hypothalamus
initiates + stops eating
80
glucostatic theory of food cravings
when glucose levels drop, you must eat to restore glucose levels
81
chemical messengers (obesity)
-hormone leptin signals hypothalamus + brain stem to reduce appetite + increase amount of energy used -release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin activates the brain's pleasure circuits to eat
82
set point
value that establishes a range of body fat + muscle mass we tend to maintain
83
genes (obesity)
genes influence our set point + weight -our set point is genetically programmed
84
sensitivity to cues + expectations (obesity)
internal-external theory
85
86
internal-external theory
theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues
87
what eating disorder is the most common
binge eating disorder
88
bulimia nervosa
individual consistently follows a binge + purge pattern
89
symptoms of bulimia nervosa
-preoccupied with food -intense fear of becoming overweight -depressed/anxious -distorted body image -usually fall within normal weight range
90
what % of population has bulimia nervosa
1-3%
91
binge eating disorder
individuals binge on a recurrent basis- at least once a week for 3 months but don’t purge after
92
what % of population has binge eating disorder
3%
93
anorexia nervosa
relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
94
symptoms of anorexia nervosa
-weigh less than 95% of normal weight for age/height -intense fear of gaining weight that doesn't decrease with weight loss -distorted image of body shape -lack of menstruation
95
anorexia occurs more in men/women
10x more likely in women
96
what % of population has anorexia nervosa
0.5-1%
97
libido
-sexual desire -a wish/craving for sexual activity
98
excitement phase
phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure + notice physiological changes associated with it
99
plateau phase
phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds
100
orgasm/climax phase
phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men + women
101
resolution phase
phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation + a sense of well-being
102
3 majors principles/predictors of attraction + relationship
-proximity -similarity -reciprocity
103
# attraction + relationship proximity
-physical nearness -mere exposure effect
104
# attraction + relationship similarity
-the extend to which we have things in common with others -birds of a feather flock together
105
# attraction + relationship reciprocity
-rule of give + take -liking begets liking
106
men in physical attractiveness
-men place more weight on looks in women across cultlures/countries -men prefer women younger than they are -men look for cues of potential health + fertility as physical attractiveness + youth
107
women in physical attractiveness
-women place more emphasis on high level of financial resources in men -women prefer partners who are somwhat older than they are -women tend to maximize chance of mate providing well for the offspring
108
both women + men in attractivness
-both emphasize having a partner who's intelligent, dependable, kind -average faces are more preferred
109
social role theory
-men: bigger, stronger, not bearing children; more of a role of hunter, foot provider, warrior, pursuing high-status position -women: bearing children; more in a role of childcare provider, limited in pursuing high-status position -these influence male + female mate preferences
110
passionate love
love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner
111
compassionate love
love marked by a sense of deep friendship + fondness for one's partner
112
triangular theory of love
-intimacy, passion, + commitment combine to form 7 varieties of love, with consummate love being the ultimate form of love marked by high levels of all 3 component
113
# triangular theory of love passion alone
infatuation
114
# triangular theory of love commitment alone
empty love
115
# triangular theory of love intimacy alone
liking
116
# triangular theory of love passion + commitment
fatuous love
117
# triangular theory of love passion + intimacy
romantic love
118
# triangular theory of love intimacy + commitment
companionate love
119
# triangular theory of love intimacy, passion, + commitment
consummate love
120
theory of hate: negation of intimacy
"I would never want to get close to these people"
121
theory of hate: passion
"I absolutely + positively despise these people"
122
theory of hate: commitment
"I'm determined to stop/harm these people"

Psychology (15 decks)

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