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Psychology > ***Chapter 10: Emotion + Motivation > Flashcards

***Chapter 10: Emotion + Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

emotion

A

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

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2
Q

discrete emotions theory

A

-emphasizes emotions as evolved expressions
-theory that people experience a small # of distinct emotions based on distinct biological roots
-emotional reactions come before thoughts about them; as products of innate motor programs

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3
Q

Ekman’s discrete emotions theory

primary emotions

A

small # of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

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4
Q

Ekman’s discrete emotions theory

what are the 8 emotions identified by Ekman

A

-fear
-anger
-sadness
-joy
-suprise
-disgust
-contempt
-pride

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5
Q

cultural differences in emotion expression

A

-the finding that certain emotions exist across most or all cultures doesn’t mean that cultures are identical in their emotional expressions
-culture can influence the overt expression of emotion

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6
Q

display rules

A

cross-cultural guidelines for how/when to express emotions

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7
Q

physiology of being angry

A

-heart rate increases
-digestive system speeds up

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8
Q

anger is related to what portion of brain

A

region of frontal cortex behind eyes

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9
Q

physiology of being fearful

A

-heart rate increases
-digestive system slows down

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10
Q

fear is related to what part of the brain

A

amygdala

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11
Q

disguist is related to what part of the brain

A

insula, region within limbic system

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12
Q

happiness + sadness physiological response

A

similar in brain activation

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13
Q

one/multiple brain regions participate in all emotions

A

multiple

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14
Q

Duchenne smile

A

genuine smile

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15
Q

Pan Am smile

A

fake smile
-just the corner of the mouth but the eyes don’t wrinkle with the smile

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16
Q

cognitive theories of emotion

A

-think first, feel later
-theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking
-the way we interpret a situation influences what we feel in response to it

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17
Q

are there discrete emotions in cognitive theories of emotion?

A

-no- the boundaries across emotions are blurry
-there are as many different emotions as there are different kinds of thoughts

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18
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
-seeing a bear -> heart pounds, palms sweat, feet run -> I conclude I am scared

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19
Q

somatic

A

physical

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20
Q

Somatic market theory of emotion

A

we consciously + instantaneously use our gut reactions, especially our automatic responses (heart rate, sweating) to guage how we should react
-seeing a bear -> with my heart pounding, palms sweating, I decided to run away

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

proposes that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion + bodily reactions
-seeing a bear -> I feel scared + run away quickly

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22
Q

Schachter + Singer 2-factor theory

A

2 psychological events are required to produce an emotion
-an undifferentiated state of arousal (same state across all emotions)
-an attribution/explanation of that arousal

-seeing a bear -> I become physically aroused + try to figure out the source of that arousal (the bear) -> I label this arousal as fear, which is the emotion I experience

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23
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably towards it

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24
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

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25
Q

nonverbal leakage

A

an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior

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26
Q

illustrators

A

gestures that highlight/accentuate speech
-move hand forward to make a point

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27
Q

manipulators

A

gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part
-twirl our hair, bite nails

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28
Q

emblems

A

gestures that convey conversational meanings recognized by a culture
-nodding head, crossing fingers

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29
Q

proxemics

A

the study of personal space

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30
Q

public distance

A

12 feet or more
-public speaking

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31
Q

social distance

A

4-12 feet
-conversations among strangers + acsual acquiantances

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32
Q

personal distance

A

1.5-4 feet
-conversations among close friends or romantic partners

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33
Q

intimate distance

A

0-1.5 feet
-typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, affectionate touching

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34
Q

polygraph test (controlled question test)

A

measures physiological responses following 3 major types of yes-no questions (relevant, irrelevant, control questions)

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35
Q

guilty knowledge test

A

assuming criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t

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36
Q

brain-scanning techniques

A

measuring suspects’ EEG following each item, brain fingerprinting, fMRI

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37
Q

truth serum

A

chemical version of polygraph test

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38
Q

integrity test

A

pencil + paper questionnaire on history of stealing, attitudes towards stealing, perceptions of others’ honesty

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39
Q

Pinocchio response

A

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying

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40
Q

the polygraph as well as most lie-detection techniques rest on what assumption

A

Pinocchio reponse
-people’s bodily reactions give them away when they lie

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41
Q

broaden + build theory

A

happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the big picture we might have otherwise overlooked, find novel solutions to problems, seek more opportunities, + have better social lives

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42
Q

positivity effect

A

tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age

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43
Q

affective forecasting

A

predicting our own + others’ happiness

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44
Q

durability bias

A

belief that both our good + bad moods will last longer than they do

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45
Q

hedonic treadmill

A

the tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances

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46
Q

hedonic treadmill hypothesis

A

we begin life with a genetically influenced happiness “set point” from which we bounce up + down in response to short-term life events

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47
Q

self-esteem

A

evaluation of our worth

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48
Q

narcissism

A

-a personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness
-respond to negative evaluations by bombarding their opponents with louder noises

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49
Q

grandiose narcissism

A

people of this kind tend to be flamboyant, charming, domineering, brag about own achievements

50
Q

vulnerable narcissism

A

people of this kind tend to be introverted, preoccupied with self, over-sensitive to perceived minor slights

51
Q

positive illusions

A

tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do

52
Q

defensive pessimism

A

strategy of anticipating failure + compensating for this expectation by mentally preparing for negative outcomes

53
Q

positive psychology

A

a discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths

54
Q

motivations

A

the drives, especially wants + needs, that propel us in specific directions

55
Q

drive reduction theory

A

-certain drives (like hunger, thirst, + sexual frustration) motivate us to minimize negative feelings + seek pleasure
-some drives (thirst) are more powerful than others (hunger)
-we are motivated to maintain a given level of psychological homeostasis/equilibrium

56
Q

how long can you live without water?

A

3-4 days

57
Q

how long can you survive without food?

A

3 weeks

58
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

-inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand + mood + performance on the other
-arousal affects the strength of our drives
-arousal level shifts depending on time of day, substances ingested, task complexity

-middle of the curve = optimal perfromance
-below optimal point = lower motivation + performance
above optimal point = too anxious/stimulated + not able to perform as well

59
Q

approach

A

certain drives generate a predisposition toward certain stimuli (such as food)

60
Q

avoidance

A

certain drives generate a predisposition away from certain stimuli (such as frightening animals)

61
Q

incentives theory

A

theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals

-human beings are motivated by the idea of incentives, rather than internal drives/arousal needs
-incentives pull us
-people come to associate certain experiences with pleasurable sensations + mental states over time

62
Q

incentive

A

a rewarding condition that provides a motive for behavior

63
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivated by internal goals

64
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivated by external goals

65
Q

most behavior occurs as a result of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

A

a combination of both

66
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

-model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs + needs for safety + security before progressing to more complex needs
-our needs are arranged in a hierarchy/pyramid with the most basic needs at the bottom
-if our basic needs aren’t satisfied, we can’t progress up the hierarchy

67
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

primary needs

A

biological necessities

68
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

secondary needs

A

psychological desires

69
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

example of primary needs

A

hunger, thirst

70
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

example of secondary needs

A

achievement, intimacy, friends

71
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

transcendence

A

to help others achieve self-actualization

72
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

self-actualization

A

to find self-fulfillment realize potential

73
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

aesthetic needs

A

to appreciate beauty, order, symmetry

74
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

cognitive needs

A

to know, understand, explore

75
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

esteem needs

A

to achieve, be competent, gain approval/recognition

76
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

belonging/love needs

A

to be with others, accepted, belong

77
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

safety needs

A

to feel secure + safe, out of danger

78
Q

stomach contractions hypothesis

A

stomach contracts when empty, causing hunger

79
Q

hypothalamus

A

initiates + stops eating

80
Q

glucostatic theory of food cravings

A

when glucose levels drop, you must eat to restore glucose levels

81
Q

chemical messengers (obesity)

A

-hormone leptin signals hypothalamus + brain stem to reduce appetite + increase amount of energy used

-release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin activates the brain’s pleasure circuits to eat

82
Q

set point

A

value that establishes a range of body fat + muscle mass we tend to maintain

83
Q

genes (obesity)

A

genes influence our set point + weight
-our set point is genetically programmed

84
Q

sensitivity to cues + expectations (obesity)

A

internal-external theory

85
Q
A
86
Q

internal-external theory

A

theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues

87
Q

what eating disorder is the most common

A

binge eating disorder

88
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

individual consistently follows a binge + purge pattern

89
Q

symptoms of bulimia nervosa

A

-preoccupied with food
-intense fear of becoming overweight
-depressed/anxious
-distorted body image
-usually fall within normal weight range

90
Q

what % of population has bulimia nervosa

A

1-3%

91
Q

binge eating disorder

A

individuals binge on a recurrent basis- at least once a week for 3 months but don’t purge after

92
Q

what % of population has binge eating disorder

A

3%

93
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

94
Q

symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A

-weigh less than 95% of normal weight for age/height
-intense fear of gaining weight that doesn’t decrease with weight loss
-distorted image of body shape
-lack of menstruation

95
Q

anorexia occurs more in men/women

A

10x more likely in women

96
Q

what % of population has anorexia nervosa

A

0.5-1%

97
Q

libido

A

-sexual desire
-a wish/craving for sexual activity

98
Q

excitement phase

A

phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure + notice physiological changes associated with it

99
Q

plateau phase

A

phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds

100
Q

orgasm/climax phase

A

phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men + women

101
Q

resolution phase

A

phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation + a sense of well-being

102
Q

3 majors principles/predictors of attraction + relationship

A

-proximity
-similarity
-reciprocity

103
Q

attraction + relationship

proximity

A

-physical nearness
-mere exposure effect

104
Q

attraction + relationship

similarity

A

-the extend to which we have things in common with others
-birds of a feather flock together

105
Q

attraction + relationship

reciprocity

A

-rule of give + take
-liking begets liking

106
Q

men in physical attractiveness

A

-men place more weight on looks in women across cultlures/countries
-men prefer women younger than they are
-men look for cues of potential health + fertility as physical attractiveness + youth

107
Q

women in physical attractiveness

A

-women place more emphasis on high level of financial resources in men
-women prefer partners who are somwhat older than they are
-women tend to maximize chance of mate providing well for the offspring

108
Q

both women + men in attractivness

A

-both emphasize having a partner who’s intelligent, dependable, kind
-average faces are more preferred

109
Q

social role theory

A

-men: bigger, stronger, not bearing children; more of a role of hunter, foot provider, warrior, pursuing high-status position

-women: bearing children; more in a role of childcare provider, limited in pursuing high-status position

-these influence male + female mate preferences

110
Q

passionate love

A

love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner

111
Q

compassionate love

A

love marked by a sense of deep friendship + fondness for one’s partner

112
Q

triangular theory of love

A

-intimacy, passion, + commitment combine to form 7 varieties of love, with consummate love being the ultimate form of love marked by high levels of all 3 component

113
Q

triangular theory of love

passion alone

A

infatuation

114
Q

triangular theory of love

commitment alone

A

empty love

115
Q

triangular theory of love

intimacy alone

A

liking

116
Q

triangular theory of love

passion + commitment

A

fatuous love

117
Q

triangular theory of love

passion + intimacy

A

romantic love

118
Q

triangular theory of love

intimacy + commitment

A

companionate love

119
Q

triangular theory of love

intimacy, passion, + commitment

A

consummate love

120
Q

theory of hate:
negation of intimacy

A

“I would never want to get close to these people”

121
Q

theory of hate:
passion

A

“I absolutely + positively despise these people”

122
Q

theory of hate:
commitment

A

“I’m determined to stop/harm these people”

Psychology (15 decks)

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