***Chapter 10: Emotion + Motivation Flashcards
emotion
mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences
discrete emotions theory
-emphasizes emotions as evolved expressions
-theory that people experience a small # of distinct emotions based on distinct biological roots
-emotional reactions come before thoughts about them; as products of innate motor programs
Ekman’s discrete emotions theory
primary emotions
small # of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal
Ekman’s discrete emotions theory
what are the 8 emotions identified by Ekman
-fear
-anger
-sadness
-joy
-suprise
-disgust
-contempt
-pride
cultural differences in emotion expression
-the finding that certain emotions exist across most or all cultures doesn’t mean that cultures are identical in their emotional expressions
-culture can influence the overt expression of emotion
display rules
cross-cultural guidelines for how/when to express emotions
physiology of being angry
-heart rate increases
-digestive system speeds up
anger is related to what portion of brain
region of frontal cortex behind eyes
physiology of being fearful
-heart rate increases
-digestive system slows down
fear is related to what part of the brain
amygdala
disguist is related to what part of the brain
insula, region within limbic system
happiness + sadness physiological response
similar in brain activation
one/multiple brain regions participate in all emotions
multiple
Duchenne smile
genuine smile
Pan Am smile
fake smile
-just the corner of the mouth but the eyes don’t wrinkle with the smile
cognitive theories of emotion
-think first, feel later
-theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking
-the way we interpret a situation influences what we feel in response to it
are there discrete emotions in cognitive theories of emotion?
-no- the boundaries across emotions are blurry
-there are as many different emotions as there are different kinds of thoughts
James-Lange theory of emotion
proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
-seeing a bear -> heart pounds, palms sweat, feet run -> I conclude I am scared
somatic
physical
Somatic market theory of emotion
we consciously + instantaneously use our gut reactions, especially our automatic responses (heart rate, sweating) to guage how we should react
-seeing a bear -> with my heart pounding, palms sweating, I decided to run away
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
proposes that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion + bodily reactions
-seeing a bear -> I feel scared + run away quickly
Schachter + Singer 2-factor theory
2 psychological events are required to produce an emotion
-an undifferentiated state of arousal (same state across all emotions)
-an attribution/explanation of that arousal
-seeing a bear -> I become physically aroused + try to figure out the source of that arousal (the bear) -> I label this arousal as fear, which is the emotion I experience
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably towards it
facial feedback hypothesis
blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions
nonverbal leakage
an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
illustrators
gestures that highlight/accentuate speech
-move hand forward to make a point
manipulators
gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part
-twirl our hair, bite nails
emblems
gestures that convey conversational meanings recognized by a culture
-nodding head, crossing fingers
proxemics
the study of personal space
public distance
12 feet or more
-public speaking
social distance
4-12 feet
-conversations among strangers + acsual acquiantances
personal distance
1.5-4 feet
-conversations among close friends or romantic partners
intimate distance
0-1.5 feet
-typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, affectionate touching
polygraph test (controlled question test)
measures physiological responses following 3 major types of yes-no questions (relevant, irrelevant, control questions)
guilty knowledge test
assuming criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t
brain-scanning techniques
measuring suspects’ EEG following each item, brain fingerprinting, fMRI
truth serum
chemical version of polygraph test
integrity test
pencil + paper questionnaire on history of stealing, attitudes towards stealing, perceptions of others’ honesty
Pinocchio response
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying
the polygraph as well as most lie-detection techniques rest on what assumption
Pinocchio reponse
-people’s bodily reactions give them away when they lie
broaden + build theory
happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the big picture we might have otherwise overlooked, find novel solutions to problems, seek more opportunities, + have better social lives
positivity effect
tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age
affective forecasting
predicting our own + others’ happiness
durability bias
belief that both our good + bad moods will last longer than they do
hedonic treadmill
the tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances
hedonic treadmill hypothesis
we begin life with a genetically influenced happiness “set point” from which we bounce up + down in response to short-term life events
self-esteem
evaluation of our worth
narcissism
-a personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness
-respond to negative evaluations by bombarding their opponents with louder noises
grandiose narcissism
people of this kind tend to be flamboyant, charming, domineering, brag about own achievements
vulnerable narcissism
people of this kind tend to be introverted, preoccupied with self, over-sensitive to perceived minor slights
positive illusions
tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do
defensive pessimism
strategy of anticipating failure + compensating for this expectation by mentally preparing for negative outcomes
positive psychology
a discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
motivations
the drives, especially wants + needs, that propel us in specific directions
drive reduction theory
-certain drives (like hunger, thirst, + sexual frustration) motivate us to minimize negative feelings + seek pleasure
-some drives (thirst) are more powerful than others (hunger)
-we are motivated to maintain a given level of psychological homeostasis/equilibrium
how long can you live without water?
3-4 days
how long can you survive without food?
3 weeks
Yerkes-Dodson law
-inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand + mood + performance on the other
-arousal affects the strength of our drives
-arousal level shifts depending on time of day, substances ingested, task complexity
-middle of the curve = optimal perfromance
-below optimal point = lower motivation + performance
above optimal point = too anxious/stimulated + not able to perform as well
approach
certain drives generate a predisposition toward certain stimuli (such as food)
avoidance
certain drives generate a predisposition away from certain stimuli (such as frightening animals)
incentives theory
theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals
-human beings are motivated by the idea of incentives, rather than internal drives/arousal needs
-incentives pull us
-people come to associate certain experiences with pleasurable sensations + mental states over time
incentive
a rewarding condition that provides a motive for behavior
intrinsic motivation
motivated by internal goals
extrinsic motivation
motivated by external goals
most behavior occurs as a result of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation
a combination of both
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
-model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs + needs for safety + security before progressing to more complex needs
-our needs are arranged in a hierarchy/pyramid with the most basic needs at the bottom
-if our basic needs aren’t satisfied, we can’t progress up the hierarchy
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
primary needs
biological necessities
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
secondary needs
psychological desires
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
example of primary needs
hunger, thirst
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
example of secondary needs
achievement, intimacy, friends
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
transcendence
to help others achieve self-actualization
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
to find self-fulfillment realize potential
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
aesthetic needs
to appreciate beauty, order, symmetry
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
cognitive needs
to know, understand, explore
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
esteem needs
to achieve, be competent, gain approval/recognition
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
belonging/love needs
to be with others, accepted, belong
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
safety needs
to feel secure + safe, out of danger
stomach contractions hypothesis
stomach contracts when empty, causing hunger
hypothalamus
initiates + stops eating
glucostatic theory of food cravings
when glucose levels drop, you must eat to restore glucose levels
chemical messengers (obesity)
-hormone leptin signals hypothalamus + brain stem to reduce appetite + increase amount of energy used
-release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin activates the brain’s pleasure circuits to eat
set point
value that establishes a range of body fat + muscle mass we tend to maintain
genes (obesity)
genes influence our set point + weight
-our set point is genetically programmed
sensitivity to cues + expectations (obesity)
internal-external theory
internal-external theory
theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues
what eating disorder is the most common
binge eating disorder
bulimia nervosa
individual consistently follows a binge + purge pattern
symptoms of bulimia nervosa
-preoccupied with food
-intense fear of becoming overweight
-depressed/anxious
-distorted body image
-usually fall within normal weight range
what % of population has bulimia nervosa
1-3%
binge eating disorder
individuals binge on a recurrent basis- at least once a week for 3 months but don’t purge after
what % of population has binge eating disorder
3%
anorexia nervosa
relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
symptoms of anorexia nervosa
-weigh less than 95% of normal weight for age/height
-intense fear of gaining weight that doesn’t decrease with weight loss
-distorted image of body shape
-lack of menstruation
anorexia occurs more in men/women
10x more likely in women
what % of population has anorexia nervosa
0.5-1%
libido
-sexual desire
-a wish/craving for sexual activity
excitement phase
phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure + notice physiological changes associated with it
plateau phase
phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds
orgasm/climax phase
phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men + women
resolution phase
phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation + a sense of well-being
3 majors principles/predictors of attraction + relationship
-proximity
-similarity
-reciprocity
attraction + relationship
proximity
-physical nearness
-mere exposure effect
attraction + relationship
similarity
-the extend to which we have things in common with others
-birds of a feather flock together
attraction + relationship
reciprocity
-rule of give + take
-liking begets liking
men in physical attractiveness
-men place more weight on looks in women across cultlures/countries
-men prefer women younger than they are
-men look for cues of potential health + fertility as physical attractiveness + youth
women in physical attractiveness
-women place more emphasis on high level of financial resources in men
-women prefer partners who are somwhat older than they are
-women tend to maximize chance of mate providing well for the offspring
both women + men in attractivness
-both emphasize having a partner who’s intelligent, dependable, kind
-average faces are more preferred
social role theory
-men: bigger, stronger, not bearing children; more of a role of hunter, foot provider, warrior, pursuing high-status position
-women: bearing children; more in a role of childcare provider, limited in pursuing high-status position
-these influence male + female mate preferences
passionate love
love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner
compassionate love
love marked by a sense of deep friendship + fondness for one’s partner
triangular theory of love
-intimacy, passion, + commitment combine to form 7 varieties of love, with consummate love being the ultimate form of love marked by high levels of all 3 component
triangular theory of love
passion alone
infatuation
triangular theory of love
commitment alone
empty love
triangular theory of love
intimacy alone
liking
triangular theory of love
passion + commitment
fatuous love
triangular theory of love
passion + intimacy
romantic love
triangular theory of love
intimacy + commitment
companionate love
triangular theory of love
intimacy, passion, + commitment
consummate love
theory of hate:
negation of intimacy
“I would never want to get close to these people”
theory of hate:
passion
“I absolutely + positively despise these people”
theory of hate:
commitment
“I’m determined to stop/harm these people”
