Chapter 6 - Infection And Response Flashcards
What are the four main types of microorganism that cause disease?
Viruses - e.g measles
Bacteria - e.g salmonella
Fungi - e.g rose black spot in plants
Protists - e.g malaria
What does the term infectious mean?
Describes a pathogen that can easily be transmitted or an infected person who can pass on the disease.
What does communicable mean?
A disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another.
How do pathogens spread?
Airborne
Through dirty water
By direct physical contact
Through contaminated food
Passed by another animal
What is a viral disease?
Viral diseases are those caused by a virus. They are not alive and are microorganisms.
Examples:
Measles
HIV
AIDS
What is bacterial disease?
Bacterial diseases are caused by pathogenic bacterial.
Examples:
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
What is a fungal disease?
They are Eukaryotic like animals and plants but unlike bacteria. They have evolved a high range of appearances.
Example: athlete’s foot
What is a protist disease?
They are a large group of dissimilar organisms. They are always unicellular or multicellular without tissues.
Example: malaria
What is the first line of defence of your body’s natural barriers to infection?
Skin
Hairs
Cilia
Lysozymes in tears and saliva
Stomach acid
What is the second line of defence of the body?
Phagocytes - type of white blood cell, they engulf pathogens (pac man)
What’s the third line of defence in the body?
Lymphocytes - second type of white blood cell
They recognise the foreign antigens present on invading pathogens.
Antitoxins - found in lymphocytes and produce an antibody to defend against specific toxins.
What is the term antigen?
A protein on the surface of a pathogen that your antibodies can recognise as foreign.
What is the term antitoxin?
A protein produced by your body to neutralise harmful toxins produced by pathogens.
What does the term vaccine mean?
A medicine containing antigen from a pathogen that triggers a low immune response so that subsequent infection is dealt with more effectively by the body’s own immune system.
What are antibiotics?
They are very important group of medicines which kill bacteria and fungi.
No effect on viruses, so they are never prescribed for the common cold.
What is antiseptic?
A substance applied to the skin or another surface to destroy pathogens.
What does the term antibiotic resistance mean?
The pathogens have evolved in a person so antibiotics no longer work for them.
What are painkillers?
Drugs that relieve pain. They are not the same as anaesthetic.
Aspirin and paracetamol you can but over the counter anything stronger has to be prescribed.
What is anaesthetic?
A drug that stops pain sensation and can be local or general.
What are the stages of drug development?
First stage - computer modelling
Second stage - testing in a laboratory
Third stage - clinical trials of humans, small to start with then whole world
What is a placebo?
A medicine that has only psychological effects.
What does it mean by double blind trail?
An experiment in which patients and doctors do not know who is been given the drug and who has been given the placebo.
What is computer modelling in a drug development?
Using computer software to theoretically examine or test.
What is a 🦠 pathogen?
It is a microorganism that passes disease from one organism to another.
