Chapter 6 - Infection And Response

Question 1

What are the four main types of microorganism that cause disease?

Answer 1

Viruses - e.g measles

Bacteria - e.g salmonella

Fungi - e.g rose black spot in plants

Protists - e.g malaria

Question 2

What does the term infectious mean?

Answer 2

Describes a pathogen that can easily be transmitted or an infected person who can pass on the disease.

Question 3

What does communicable mean?

Answer 3

A disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another.

Question 4

How do pathogens spread?

Answer 4

Airborne

Through dirty water

By direct physical contact

Through contaminated food

Passed by another animal

Question 5

What is a viral disease?

Answer 5

Viral diseases are those caused by a virus. They are not alive and are microorganisms.

Examples:
Measles
HIV
AIDS

Question 6

What is bacterial disease?

Answer 6

Bacterial diseases are caused by pathogenic bacterial.

Examples:
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

Question 7

What is a fungal disease?

Answer 7

They are Eukaryotic like animals and plants but unlike bacteria. They have evolved a high range of appearances.

Example: athlete’s foot

Question 8

What is a protist disease?

Answer 8

They are a large group of dissimilar organisms. They are always unicellular or multicellular without tissues.

Example: malaria

Question 9

What is the first line of defence of your body’s natural barriers to infection?

Answer 9

Skin

Hairs

Cilia

Lysozymes in tears and saliva

Stomach acid

Question 10

What is the second line of defence of the body?

Answer 10

Phagocytes - type of white blood cell, they engulf pathogens (pac man)

Question 11

What’s the third line of defence in the body?

Answer 11

Lymphocytes - second type of white blood cell
They recognise the foreign antigens present on invading pathogens.

Antitoxins - found in lymphocytes and produce an antibody to defend against specific toxins.

Question 12

What is the term antigen?

Answer 12

A protein on the surface of a pathogen that your antibodies can recognise as foreign.

Question 13

What is the term antitoxin?

Answer 13

A protein produced by your body to neutralise harmful toxins produced by pathogens.

Question 14

What does the term vaccine mean?

Answer 14

A medicine containing antigen from a pathogen that triggers a low immune response so that subsequent infection is dealt with more effectively by the body’s own immune system.

Question 15

What are antibiotics?

Answer 15

They are very important group of medicines which kill bacteria and fungi.
No effect on viruses, so they are never prescribed for the common cold.

Question 16

What is antiseptic?

Answer 16

A substance applied to the skin or another surface to destroy pathogens.

Question 17

What does the term antibiotic resistance mean?

Answer 17

The pathogens have evolved in a person so antibiotics no longer work for them.

Question 18

What are painkillers?

Answer 18

Drugs that relieve pain. They are not the same as anaesthetic.

Aspirin and paracetamol you can but over the counter anything stronger has to be prescribed.

Question 19

What is anaesthetic?

Answer 19

A drug that stops pain sensation and can be local or general.

Question 20

What are the stages of drug development?

Answer 20

First stage - computer modelling

Second stage - testing in a laboratory

Third stage - clinical trials of humans, small to start with then whole world

Question 21

What is a placebo?

Answer 21

A medicine that has only psychological effects.

Question 22

What does it mean by double blind trail?

Answer 22

An experiment in which patients and doctors do not know who is been given the drug and who has been given the placebo.

Question 23

What is computer modelling in a drug development?

Answer 23

Using computer software to theoretically examine or test.

Question 24

What is a 🦠 pathogen?

Answer 24

It is a microorganism that passes disease from one organism to another.