Chapter 6: Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
The skeletal system is composed of which 4 things?
- bone
- cartilage
- ligaments
- articulations (joints)
Cartilage gets replaced by (____) during embryonic development called ossification.
a. bone
b. cartilage
c. erythrocytes
a. bone
The structure of cartilage consists of which 2 types of cells?
- chondroblasts
- chondroclasts
True/False. The structure of cartilage is avascular.
True
The functions of cartilage includes: supports tissues, blueprint for bone formation (hyaline cartilage), and …..
articular surfaces
There are 4 types of hyaline cartilage. List the types and their location.
- Costal cartilage: connects the ribs to the sternum
- Articular cartilage: covers the ends of bones with joints (no perichondrium)
- Respiratory cartilage: nose, larynx, tracheal rings
- Fetal skeleton: before ossification
There are 3 locations of fibrocartilage. Name them in detail.
- Intervertebral discs: circular structures between adjacent vertabrae
- Menisci of knee joints: c-shaped pads between femur and tibia
- Pubic symphysis: between pelvic region of os coxae
What are the 2 types of Elastic cartilage?
- ear: external ear
- epiglottis: in larynx
Is each bone in the body considered an individual organ? Yes or no.
Yes
List the 5 functions of bones.
Support, protection, skeletal movement, hemopoiesis (spongy bone), storage of calcium
How do we classify bones? What are those classifications?
- we classify bones by shape
1. Long bones (limb bones)
2. Short bone (cube shaped, ex: tarsals)
3. Flat bone (ribs, sternum, most skull bones)
4. Irregular bone (vertebrae, ethmoid, ossa coxae)
What is this circle region called?
a. periosteum
b. diaphysis
c. endosteum
b. diaphysis
Which structure is the highlighted region pointing to?
Periosteum
- dense irregular
- attached by perforating fibers
Which structure is the highlighted region pointing to?
Endosteum
- covers all external surfaces of bone within medullary cavity
- contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- follows every groove/crack of bone
Which bone structure is shown in this image?
Periosteum
Which bone structure is shown in this image?
Endosteum
Which structures are circled in this long bone anatomy? Give a description.
Epiphysis
- two “knobby” ends
- articulating proximal and distal ends
- compact bones surrounds the inner spongy bone
- articular cartilage is on the epiphysis (no perichondrium)
Which structure is the highlighted region pointing to?
Articular cartilage
Which structures are circled in this long bone anatomy? Give a description and the primary structures in the region.
Metaphysis
- region between diaphysis and epiphysis
1. epiphyseal plate (“growth plate”)
2. epiphyseal line (remnant of no longer growing bone)
Which structure is the highlighted region pointing to?
Epiphyseal line
How is the anatomy of flat bones structured? (sandwich layers)
- periosteum
- compact bone
- spongy bone
- compact bone
- periosteum
Is the red bone marrow in spongy bone or compact bone?
Spongy bone
Where is the red bone marrow in flat bones located?
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
- vertebrae
- ossa coxae
Where is the red bone marrow in long bones located?
- proximal epiphysis of femur
- proximal epiphysis of humerus
Name 6 structures of compact bones.
- osteons
- lamellae (rings)
- central canal (blood vessels, nerves)
- lacunae
- Canaliculi (tiny channels that connect osteocytes and central blood supply)
- osteocyte
Which structure is the highlighted image pointing to?
Osteons
What structures are the red and yellow highlighted regions?
Yellow: osteocyte
Red: canaliculi
What is the structure the orange region is pointing to?
Concentric lamellae
What are the lattice like networks of spongy bone called? What feels these spaces?
- Trabeculae
- Bone marrow
In spongy bone, do the lamellae surround a central canal?
No, there is no central canal in spongy bone. There are osteocytes between the lamellae.
Label all the highlighted regions.
Red: endosteum
Pink: osteoclasts
Orange: osteocyte
Yellow: osteoblasts along trabecula
Hormones regulate growth and development. What is the function of the growth hormone?
Stimulate growth plate
Hormones regulate growth and development. What is the function of the thyroid hormone?
Metabolic rate of bone cells
Hormones regulate growth and development. What is the function of the estrogen and testosterone hormones?
Puberty, accelerates bone growth
Hormones regulate growth and development. What is the function of the glucocorticoids hormone?
High amounts increase bone loss
Hormones regulate growth and development. What is the function of the serotonin hormone?
Too high may affect osteoblast formation
What are the three causes of bone fractures?
- Stress
- Traumatic
- Pathologic
A thin break due to repetitive loads (ex: pelvis, lower limbs) is a bone fracture caused by?
Stress
A bone fracture caused by osteoporosis or some kind of disease to make the bone weaker would be considered…
A. stress
B. pathologic
C. traumatic
B. pathologic
A bone breaking as a result of impact or increased tension or torsion from an outside source (big bones) is caused by?
Traumatic
A bone that does not protrude through the skin is a simple or compound bone fracture?
Simple
True/False. If broken ends protrude through the skin it is considered a simple break.
False. If broken ends protrude through the skin it is considered a compound break.
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Colles fracture
- bone moves in another direction
- cause: falls
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Comminuted
- shattered, several pieces
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Compound (open)
- two or more separate pieces
- bone protrudes the skin
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Greenstick
- splintered bone but no breaks
- in clavicle
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Oblique
- break at an angle
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Pott
- one bone breaks and breaks the other one next to it from the impact
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Spiral
- the bone twists and snaps
How would you describe a transverse fracture?
Transverse
- direction the bone is broken, cross section
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Complete/Transverse
- bone broken into two or more pieces
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Compression
- break in vertebrae
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Epiphyseal
- break in the epiphysis
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Hairline
- tiny crack “hair thin” in the bone
How would you classify this fracture? Give a description of the type.
Linear
- crack the length of the bone
Classify the purple, blue, and red types of cartilage color-coded in the picture.
Purple: Elastic Cartilage (ear, epiglottis)
Blue: Hyaline Cartilage (costal cartilage, articular cartilage, respiratory cartilage, fetal cartilage)
Red: Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, menisci, pelvic symphysis
Label the classifications of bones.
- flat bone
- flat bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
- short bone
- short bone
- short bone
- short bone
- long bone
- short bone
- short bone
- long bone
- long bone
Label the following diagram.
- articular cartilage
- spongy bone
- epiphyseal line
- compact bone
- Medullary cavity
- endosteum
- periosteum
- perforating fibers
- nutrient artery
- epiphysis (proximal)
- metaphysis
- diaphysis
