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Anatomy > Chapter 20: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 characteristics of the endocrine system.

A
  • hormones
  • cells w/ receptors (lock and key)
  • slow reaction
  • widespread (in blood)
  • long-lasting
  • slow recovery
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2
Q

What are the four general functions of the endocrine glands?

A
  1. regulate development, growth, and metabolism
  2. maintain homeostasis
  3. control digestive processes
  4. control reproductive activities
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3
Q

Name the major endocrine glands.

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
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4
Q

Describe the 3 types of endocrine stimulation.

A
  1. Hormonal stimulation: release of a hormone triggers the release of another hormone
  2. Humoral stimulation: changes in nutrient levels in blood triggers release of hormone
  3. Nervous system stimulation: nervous system triggers release of hormone
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5
Q

Hormones are released by ….

A

Endocrine glands

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6
Q

T/F. Hormones affect target cells or target organs that have a receptor for any hormone nonspecific.

A

False. Hormones affect target cells or target organs that have a receptor for A SPECIFIC HORMONE.

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7
Q

Which gland controls the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Describe the 3 mechanisms of hypothalamic control.

A
  1. Control anterior pituitary
  2. Control posterior pituitary
  3. Control adrenal gland
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9
Q

Identify the structures of the pituitary gland.

A
  • hypothalamus
  • infundibulum
  • anterior/posterior lobe
  • sella turcica
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10
Q

Identify the structures of the anterior pituitary.

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars distalis
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11
Q

Which system connects the blood vessels and hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalano-hypophyseal portal system

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12
Q

Determine the steps of the hypothalano-hypophyseal portal system.

A
  1. Primary plexus grabs hormones from hypothalamus
  2. Hypophyseal portal veins take the hormones so they don’t enter the heart
  3. Enters the secondary plexus
  4. Moves on to the hypophyseal vein
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13
Q

List the 6 major hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary.

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Prolactin (PRL)
  4. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  6. Lutenizing hormone (LH)
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14
Q

Fill in the chart of hormones for the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Thyroid hormone
  3. Prolactin hormone
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  5. Lutenizing hormone
  6. Follicle stimulating hormone
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15
Q

Quickly describe the 5 step process of hormone secretion starting with the hypothalamus and ending with the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus > diffuse to primary plexus > portal vein > diffuse to secondary plexus > anterior pituitary

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16
Q

List the hypothalamic hormones.

A
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Prolcatin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH)
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17
Q

If the hypothalamus synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin what does the posterior pituitary store and release?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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18
Q

Fill in the chart for hormones stored in the posterior pituitary.

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin hormone

19
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid

20
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

thyroid follicle

21
Q

What cells does the thyroid gland produce? What are their function?

A
  1. Follicular cells produce thyroglobulin (TGB)
    - thyroid hormone
  2. Parafollicular cell (C cell) secrete calcitonin
    - increases calcium in bone to decrease calcium in blood
  3. Thyroid follicle
22
Q

Parafollicular cells inhibit (____) and stimulate (____).

A

inhibit osteoclasts and stimulate osteoblasts

23
Q

Identify this gland.

A

Parathyroid gland

24
Q

What cells does the parathyroid secrete? What do these cells do?

A
  1. Chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    - decreases calcium in bone and increases calcium in blood
    - stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts
  2. Oxyphil cells unknown function
25
Q

Identify this gland and its components.

A

Gland: Adrenal gland
1. Adrenal cortex
2. Adrenal medulla

26
Q

Which three layers comprise the adrenal cortex.

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona rectularis
27
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralcorticoids
- aldosterone

28
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoids
- corticosterone

29
Q

What does the zona rectularis produce?

A

Sex hormones
- testosterone
- estrogen

30
Q

The adrenal medulla contains which cells?
A. chief cells
B. chromaffin cells
C. follicular cells

A

B. chromaffin cells

31
Q

The chromaffin cells secrete which hormones?

A
  • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • epinephrine (adrenaline)
32
Q

Identify the gland.

A

Pancreas

33
Q

99% of pancreatic cells are ….

A

Pancreatic acini (exocrine)

34
Q

1-2% of pancreatic cells are ….

A

Pancreatic islets (endocrine)
- alpha, beta, delta, f cells

35
Q

Alpha cells secrete which hormone? What does it increase in the blood?

A
  • secrete glucagon
  • increases glucose in blood
36
Q

Fill in the blanks. The liver releases ____ and breaks down ___.

A

glucose; glycogen

37
Q

Beta cells secrete which hormone and decrease what in the blood?

A
  • secrete insulin
  • decrease blood glucose
38
Q

Fill in the blank. The liver removes ____ from blood and stores ____.

A

glucose; glycogen

39
Q

Delta cells secrete which hormone and inhibit what?

A
  • secrete somatostatin
  • inhibit alpha and beta cells
  • inhibits growth hormone
40
Q

F cells secrete which polypeptide and inhibit which cells?

A
  • secrete pancreatic polypeptide
  • inhibit delta cells
41
Q

The pineal gland secretes which hormone and maintains which cycle?

A
  • secretes melatonin
  • maintains circadian rhythm
42
Q

T/F. The thymus is associated to the lymphatic system.

A

True

43
Q

Identify the organ and describe the processes.

A
  1. Heart: secretes atropeptin
    - increases water and sodium excretion of the kidneys
  2. GI tract: secretes a number of hormones involved in digestion
  3. Kidney: secretes three hormones
    - erthyropoietin (EPO), increases RBCs
  4. Gonads: secretes testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

Anatomy (20 decks)

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