Chapter 20: Endocrine System Flashcards
List the 6 characteristics of the endocrine system.
- hormones
- cells w/ receptors (lock and key)
- slow reaction
- widespread (in blood)
- long-lasting
- slow recovery
What are the four general functions of the endocrine glands?
- regulate development, growth, and metabolism
- maintain homeostasis
- control digestive processes
- control reproductive activities
Name the major endocrine glands.
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal gland
Describe the 3 types of endocrine stimulation.
- Hormonal stimulation: release of a hormone triggers the release of another hormone
- Humoral stimulation: changes in nutrient levels in blood triggers release of hormone
- Nervous system stimulation: nervous system triggers release of hormone
Hormones are released by ….
Endocrine glands
T/F. Hormones affect target cells or target organs that have a receptor for any hormone nonspecific.
False. Hormones affect target cells or target organs that have a receptor for A SPECIFIC HORMONE.
Which gland controls the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Describe the 3 mechanisms of hypothalamic control.
- Control anterior pituitary
- Control posterior pituitary
- Control adrenal gland
Identify the structures of the pituitary gland.
- hypothalamus
- infundibulum
- anterior/posterior lobe
- sella turcica
Identify the structures of the anterior pituitary.
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
- pars distalis
Which system connects the blood vessels and hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?
Hypothalano-hypophyseal portal system
Determine the steps of the hypothalano-hypophyseal portal system.
- Primary plexus grabs hormones from hypothalamus
- Hypophyseal portal veins take the hormones so they don’t enter the heart
- Enters the secondary plexus
- Moves on to the hypophyseal vein
List the 6 major hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary.
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Fill in the chart of hormones for the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
- Growth hormone
- Thyroid hormone
- Prolactin hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Lutenizing hormone
- Follicle stimulating hormone
Quickly describe the 5 step process of hormone secretion starting with the hypothalamus and ending with the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus > diffuse to primary plexus > portal vein > diffuse to secondary plexus > anterior pituitary
List the hypothalamic hormones.
- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
- Prolcatin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
- Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH)
If the hypothalamus synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin what does the posterior pituitary store and release?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Fill in the chart for hormones stored in the posterior pituitary.
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin hormone
What is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid
What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?
thyroid follicle
What cells does the thyroid gland produce? What are their function?
- Follicular cells produce thyroglobulin (TGB)
- thyroid hormone - Parafollicular cell (C cell) secrete calcitonin
- increases calcium in bone to decrease calcium in blood - Thyroid follicle
Parafollicular cells inhibit (____) and stimulate (____).
inhibit osteoclasts and stimulate osteoblasts
Identify this gland.
Parathyroid gland
What cells does the parathyroid secrete? What do these cells do?
- Chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- decreases calcium in bone and increases calcium in blood
- stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts - Oxyphil cells unknown function
Identify this gland and its components.
Gland: Adrenal gland
1. Adrenal cortex
2. Adrenal medulla
Which three layers comprise the adrenal cortex.
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona rectularis
What does the zona glomerulosa produce?
Mineralcorticoids
- aldosterone
What does the zona fasciculata produce?
Glucocorticoids
- corticosterone
What does the zona rectularis produce?
Sex hormones
- testosterone
- estrogen
The adrenal medulla contains which cells?
A. chief cells
B. chromaffin cells
C. follicular cells
B. chromaffin cells
The chromaffin cells secrete which hormones?
- norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- epinephrine (adrenaline)
Identify the gland.
Pancreas
99% of pancreatic cells are ….
Pancreatic acini (exocrine)
1-2% of pancreatic cells are ….
Pancreatic islets (endocrine)
- alpha, beta, delta, f cells
Alpha cells secrete which hormone? What does it increase in the blood?
- secrete glucagon
- increases glucose in blood
Fill in the blanks. The liver releases ____ and breaks down ___.
glucose; glycogen
Beta cells secrete which hormone and decrease what in the blood?
- secrete insulin
- decrease blood glucose
Fill in the blank. The liver removes ____ from blood and stores ____.
glucose; glycogen
Delta cells secrete which hormone and inhibit what?
- secrete somatostatin
- inhibit alpha and beta cells
- inhibits growth hormone
F cells secrete which polypeptide and inhibit which cells?
- secrete pancreatic polypeptide
- inhibit delta cells
The pineal gland secretes which hormone and maintains which cycle?
- secretes melatonin
- maintains circadian rhythm
T/F. The thymus is associated to the lymphatic system.
True
Identify the organ and describe the processes.
- Heart: secretes atropeptin
- increases water and sodium excretion of the kidneys - GI tract: secretes a number of hormones involved in digestion
- Kidney: secretes three hormones
- erthyropoietin (EPO), increases RBCs - Gonads: secretes testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
