Chapter 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
List the 3 major developing parts of the brain at 4 weeks of gestation.
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
What does the prosencephalon develop into?
- Telencephalon: cerebrum
- Diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
What does the mesencephalon develop into?
Midbrain
What does the rhombencephalon develop into?
- Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum
- Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
- Spinal chord
Where doe each circled regions develop from?
- Cerebrum: telencephalon
- Pons/Cerebellum: Metencephalon
- Medulla oblongata: Myelencephalon
Where do each circled regions develop from?
Pineal gland/ Thalamus/ Hypothalamus: Diencephalon
Tectal plate/ Cerebral aqueduct: Mesencephalon
The nervous tissue of the brain consists of ____ and ______.
- grey matter and white matter
Grey matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons ….
- cortex = superficial layer
- nuclei = close to surface or deep within brain
White matter consists of which three tracts?
- Association tracts
- Arcuate fibers (same lobe)
- Longitudinal fasiculi (different lobe) - Commissural tracts
- Corpus callosum (left and right hemisphere) - Projection tracts
- cerebrum to lower brain structures (cross-over)
List the 4 forms of protection and support the brain has.
- Skull (bones)
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Blood-brain barrier
The three layers of connective tissue that make up the meninges are:
A. skin of scalp, periosteum, and dura mater
B. dura mater, bone of skull, and pia mater
C. dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
C. dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
What type of connective tissue is dura mater and what are it’s layers?
Dura mater (dense irregular CT)
- periosteal layer
- meningeal layer
Describe what is found in the arachnoid region.
- web of collagen and elastic fiber (trabeculae)
- subarachnoid space (CSF)
Pia mater is what kind of connective tissue and what is it “form-fitting” around?
Pia mater (areolar CT)
- fits around cerebral cortex
Label the black arrows 1-3.
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
Name the cavities and space the cerebral spinal fluid fills.
- Lateral ventricles
- Third ventricles
- Fourth ventricles
- Subarachnoid space
Match the ventricle to where they are located.
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
- between brainstem and cerebellum
Lateral ventricle
- cerebrum
Third ventricle
- diencephalon
Fourth ventricle
- between brainstem and cerebellum
What specific supporting functions does the cerebral spinal fluid have in the brain?
- cushioning (protection)
- buoyancy
- transports nutrients and wastes
Where is CSF produced?
Choroid plexus in cavity of ventricle
CSF forms which two things that enters the ventricles of the brain?
- blood plasma
- ependymal cells
Where does CSF drain after entering the ventricle?
Arachnoid villi
The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to prevent…?
- neuron exposure to harmful substances (drugs, wastes, fluctuating concentrations)
Which two things are separated in the blood-brain barrier?
- blood and neurons
List the 3 main components of the blood-brain barrier.
- Astrocytes
- Capillaries
- Erythrocytes in capillary
Which region compromises 85% of the brain?
A. telencephalon
B. diencephalon
C. mesencephalon
D. myelencephalon
A. telencephalon
The cerebrum is responsible for what?
- conscious thought process
- thought, memory, judgement
- voluntary motor, visual, auditory
Identify the parts of the cerebrum.
- Longitudinal fissure (blue dash)
- Gyri (pink)
- Sulci (red)
Identify the parts of the cerebrum.
- Central sulcus
- Precentral gyrus: primary somatic motor cortex (frontal lobe)
- Postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
Identify the lobes of the cerebrum.
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
What is this structure?
Insula
List the 5 lobes of the cerebrum and their characteristics.
- Frontal lobe: planning, judgment, decision making, impulse control, attention, personality, motor control
- Parietal lobe: sensory information to understand position in environment
- Occipital: visual input, visual memories
- Temporal lobe: language, emotion, smell
- Insual: memory, sense of taste
Label the following1-5.
1.Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Insula
4. Occipital lobe
5. Temporal
What are the three functional areas of the cerebrum?
- Motor areas: control voluntary motor functions
- Sensory areas: involved with the conscious awareness of sensation
- Association areas: process and interpret sensory input and/or coordinate motor output
Which lobe is the motor area?
frontal lobe
Identify the areas of the frontal lobe.
- Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
- voluntary contralateral skeletal muscles - Frontal eye field
- muscles for eye movement, reading and coordinating vision - motor speech area (Broca’s area)
- muscles used in speech
Identify the sensory areas of the brain.
- Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
- general sensory info - Primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
- visual information from eye - Primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
- auditory info from inner ear - Primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
- olfactory info from nasal cavities - Primary gustatory cortex (insula)
- taste info from taste buds
Identify the association areas of the brain.
- Premotor cortex (somatomotor association area)
- coordinating learned, skilled motor activities - Somatosensory association area
- understanding of the object producing the stimulus (texture, shape, pressure) - Visual association area
- color, movement, form, facial recognition - Auditory association area
- correlates with memories of sound (music)
Identify these two association areas.
- Wernicke area (parietal/temporal lobes)
- recognizing, understanding spoken and written language,
- works with areas to speak, write, type - Gnostic area
- integrates all sensory input into a coherent whole by working with association areas
- comprehensive understanding of current activity
Name the motor areas of the frontal lobe.
- primary motor cortex
- frontal eye field
- motor speech area (Broca’s area)
Name the sensory areas of the brain.
- primary somatosensory cortex
- primary visual cortex
- primary auditory cortex
- primary olfactory cortex
- primary gustatory cortex
Name the association areas of the brain.
- premotor cortex
- somatosensory association area
- visual association area
- auditory association area
- Wernicke area
- Gnostic area
Group together the association tracts, commissural tracts, and projection tracts.
Association tracts
- arcuate fibers
- longitudinal fasciculi
Commissural tracts
- corpus callosum
- anterior commissure
Projection tracts
- green lines
Identify the highlighted areas of the diencephalon.
- Diencephalon
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
a) Thalamus
b) Habenular nucleus
c) Pineal gland
What is this structure called?
Hypothalamus
List the 6 functions of the hypothalamus.
- control autonomic nervous system
- control endocrine system
- regulate body temperature
- emotional behavior
- regulates hunger and thirst
- circadian rhythm
What is this structure called?
Thalamus
List the 2 functions of the thalamus.
- receives conscious senses (except olfaction)
- filters and relays to primary cortices and association areas
What is this structure called?
Pineal gland
List the 2 functions of the pineal gland.
- endocrine gland secretes melatonin
- regulated circadian rhythm
Which structures make up the brainstem?
- Mesencephalon
- midbrain - Metencephalon
- pons - Myelencephalon
- medulla oblongata
What does the brainstem connect?
Connects cerebrum to diencephalon + cerebellum to spinal cord
List the 3 structures of the Mesencephalon (midbrain).
- Cerebral peduncles: descending motor axons
- Superior colliculi: visual reflex centers
- Inferior colliculi: auditory reflex centers
T/F. The Pons contains sensory AND motor tracts connecting the brain and spinal chord.
True
List the structures on the Pons (Metencephalon)
- Middle cerebellar peduncles
- connects pons to cerebellum - Autonomic respiratory centers
- regulate rate and depth of breathing - Superior Olivary complex
- involved in sound localization
Does contralateralization occur in the midbrain, pons, or medulla oblongata?
Medulla oblongata
What are the important autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata?
- regulate heart rate and strength
- controls blood pressure
- respiratory rate
(coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, vomiting, and hiccupping)
What structure compromises 10% of the brain?
A. cerebrum
B. Midbrain
C. Cerebellum
C. Cerebellum
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
- coordinating and fine-tuning movements
- planning and executing movements
- agility
- balance and posture
Identify this part of the brain.
Cerebellum
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
Identify the cranial nerves 1-12.
- Olfactory bulb
- Optical nerve
- Oculomotor nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Trigeminal nerve
- Abducens nerve
- Facial nerve
- Vestibulocochlear nerve
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Accessory nerve
- Hypoglossal nerve
What is an acronym for the cranial nerves?
Ole
Op
Oculo
Teaches
Trig
After
Finals
Very
Great,
Valid,
Acces
Hype
