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Anatomy > Chapter 14: Muscle Tissue and Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Muscle Tissue and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 properties of muscle?

A
  1. Excitability: responds to external stimuli w/ electrical changes
  2. Contractility: tension may lead to shortening
  3. Elasticity: returns to resting length when tension ceases
  4. Extensibility: stretched by other muscles
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2
Q

List the 5 functions of muscle.

A
  1. Body movement
  2. Maintenance of posture
  3. Protection and support
  4. Sphincters control passage of materials
  5. Temperature regulation
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3
Q

In the skeletal muscle structure, what dense irregular connective tissues make up the skeletal muscle and fascicle?

A

Skeletal muscle= epimysium
Fascicle= perimysium

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4
Q

The endomysium is (___) connective tissue and makes up what skeletal muscle structure?

A

Areolar connective tissue
- endomysium= muscle fiber (cell)

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5
Q

Identify the highlighted structures.

A
  • Tendons
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
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6
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The plasma membrane

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7
Q

What structure is being described:
- extensions of sarcolemma deep into the cell
- allow for conduction of electrical signals
- increases surface area

A

T-tubules

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8
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum has blind ended sacs called the (____) that stores calcium ions.

A

Terminal Cisterna

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9
Q

Why is calcium important?

A

It allows for muscle contraction

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10
Q

Identify the highlighted structures.

A

orange: sarcolemma
pink: sarcoplasma
red/purple: myofibrils
yellow: myofilaments
dark blue: sarcoplasmic reticulum
blue: terminal cisterna
green: transverse tubules (T-tubules)
yellow: Triad

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11
Q

Where is the sarcolemma, T-tubule, and terminal cisternae located on this image?

A
  • Sarcolemma
  • T-tubule
  • terminal cisterna
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12
Q

What makes up the triad.

A
  1. Terminal cisterna
  2. t-tubule
  3. Terminal cisterna
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13
Q

The myofibrils are enclosed in which specific structure?
A. sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. sarcolemma
C. myosin
D. actin

A

A. sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

The thick myofilmaents are called:

A

myosin

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15
Q

The thin myofilaments are called (____) and the two types are called:

A

actin
- f-actin
- g-actin

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16
Q

Label tropomyosin and troponin. Describe what Ca2+ binds to during which process.

A

Green: tropomyosin
- the actin cross-bridge is blocked by tropomyosin
Blue: troponin
- Ca2+ binds to troponin and undergoes conformational change
- tropomyosin unblocks actin for muscle contraction

17
Q

The sarcomeres are the contractile unit of a myofibril and contain what special characteristic?

A

striations

18
Q

Label the M line, H zone, A band, and sarcomere. Give a description of each.

A

Sarcomere: contractile unit
M line: protein structure; attachment for thick filaments
H zone: only thick filaments
A band: thick filaments and parts of the thin filaments

19
Q

Label the I bands, Titin, and Z discs. Give a description of each.

A

I bands: only thin filaments
Titin: very elastic protein; muscle stretched beyond resting
Z disc: protein structure; anchors thin filaments

20
Q

When the sarcomere shortens, what action is this called?

A

Contraction

21
Q

What 3 things make up the motor unit?

A
  1. motor neuron
  2. Muscle fibers
  3. Neuromuscular junction
22
Q

Label this structure and describe its two types.

A

Motor unit
1. small motor units
- less power, precise control
- controlling two or three muscle fibers (eye/hand)
2. large motor unit
- more power, less precise
- controlling 2000 muscle fibers (thigh)

23
Q

What is the precise location the neuron innervates the muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

24
Q

Label the following:
- neuromuscular junction
- synaptic cleft
- synaptic knob
- motor end plate

A

Labeled

25
Q

Which specific region is between the neuron and muscle?
A. motor end plate
B. synaptic knob
C. synaptic cleft

A

C. synaptic cleft

26
Q

This structure has voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels, synaptic vesicles that release acetylcholine, and is the extended tip of the motor neuron. Name this structure.

A

Synaptic knob

27
Q

What kind of receptor and pump is located on the motor end plate?

A
  • ACh receptors
  • Na+/K+ pump
28
Q

What are the 3 steps of skeletal muscle contraction according to this image.

A
  1. Neuromuscular junction: excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber
  2. Sarcolemma, T-tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum: excitation-contraction coupling
  3. Sarcomere: crossbridge cycling
29
Q

List three steps that occur at the neuromuscular junction.

A

1a. Nerve signal triggers influx of Ca2+ at synaptic knob
- Ca2+ binds to proteins in synaptic vescicles
1b. Ca2+ binding causes synaptic vesicles to merge with synaptic knob membrane
- ACh is released from the vesicles
1c. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on motor end plate

30
Q

List three steps that occur at the sarcolemma, t-tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

2a. Binding of ACh to receptors on motor endplate triggers chemically-gated ion channels to open
- Na+ influx, K+ efflux
- membrane potential changes as Na+ enters = EEP (end plate potential)
2b. EEP initiates an action potential along t-tubules
- Na+ channels open= depolarization
- K+ channels open = repolarization
2c. Ca2+ release from channels in terminal cisternae due to action potential
- Ca2+ diffuses out of the terminal cisternae into sarcoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. Isometric contraction
  2. Isotonic contraction
32
Q

Which isotonic contraction shortens as it contracts? Which one lengthens?

A

Concentric: shortens as contracts
Eccentric: lengthens as it contracts

33
Q

List the three types of muscle fibers (twitches) and their oxygen state.

A
  1. Slow (Type I, oxidative)
  2. Intermediate (Type IIa, fast oxidative)
  3. Fast (Type IIb, fast anaerobic)
34
Q

List 5 characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers.

A
  1. slow, less powerful contractions
  2. smallest diameter
  3. aerobic
  4. abundant myoglobin
    - oxygen reserve
    - red color
  5. very fatigue resistant (marathon runners: thighs)
35
Q

List 5 characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers.

A
  1. fast, powerful contractions
  2. largest diameter
  3. anaerobic
  4. no myoglobin
    - white color
  5. fatigue easily (sprinters, hand/eye muscles)
36
Q

Recall the 11 steps of muscle contraction starting with the electrical impulse and ending with ATP binding to myosin.

A

Steps 1-11.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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