Chapter 21: Blood

Question 1

What are the 3 functions of blood in the body?

Answer 1

1. Transportation : gas, nutrients, waste, and hormones
2. Regulation: body temperature, pH, and fluid volume
3. Protection: immune system response, blood clotting

Question 2

Hematocrit is the percentage of ….?

Answer 2

Formed elements (RBCs and buffy coat)

Question 3

What percentage of plasma, erythrocytes, and the buffy coat composes whole blood?

Answer 3

• 55% of whole blood is plasma
• 44% of whole blood is RBCs
• <1% is platelets and leukocytes

Question 4

Which sex typically contains a higher hematocrit percentage?

Answer 4

Males (42-56%)

Question 5

Plasma is composed of which proteins and what are their functions?

Answer 5

• albumins (osmosis)
• globulins (transport)
• fibrinogen
  (clotting)
• regulatory
  (enzymes, hormones)

Question 6

Hemopoiesis is:

Answer 6

the production of formed elements

Question 7

List the three formed elements in hemopoiesis.

Answer 7

1. Erythropoiesis
   - erythrocytes life span of 120 days
2. Leukopoiesis
   - leukocytes life span of 12 hours
3. Thrombopoiesis
   - platelets life span of 8-10 days

Question 8

List the characteristics of RBCs. (shape, nucleus, size, function)

Answer 8

Shape: biconcave discs
Size: relatively small (7.5 micrometers)
Nucleus: no nuclues
Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (hemoglobin)

Question 9

How many heme groups are on one hemoglobin molecule?

Answer 9

4 heme groups (iron Fe2+)

Question 10

Describe the structure of hemoglobin.

Answer 10

• 4 globulin chains (2 alpha, 2 beta): attracts CO2
• 4 heme groups (iron in center)
• 4 Fe2+ ions: attracts oxygen)

Question 11

Erythrocytes form in:
A. bone marrow
B. epithelial layer
C. the liver and spleen

Answer 11

A. bone marrow

Question 12

Describe the erythrocyte life cycle.

Answer 12

1. Erythrocyes formed in the bone marrow
2. Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days
3. Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
4. Heme components of blood are recycled
   - bilirubin > bile > liver
   - iron storage > liver
5. Erythrocyte membrane proteins are broken down into amino acids
   (back to step 1)

Question 13

List the antigen and antibodies present on each blood type.

Answer 13

Type A
- antigen A
- anti B antibody
Type B
- antigen B
- anti A antibody
Type AB
- antigen A and B
- no antibody
Type O
- no antigen
- anti A and anti B antibody

Question 14

Erythrocyte agglutination occurs is someone receives _____ blood transfusion.
A. compatible
B. incompatible

Answer 14

B. incompatible

Question 15

In agglutination, recipient’s ____ bind to donor erythrocytes and causes them (donor’s) to clump together.
A. antibodies
B. antigens
C. leukocytes

Answer 15

A. antibodies

Question 16

What is the function of leukocytes in the blood?

Answer 16

• Immune response
• defend against pathogens

Question 17

List the 5 types of leukocytes and their function.

Answer 17

1. Neutrophil: multilobed nucelus
   - phagocytize bacteria
2. Eosinophils: bilobed nucleus, red granules
   - phagocytize allergens or antigen-antibody
3. Basophils: bilobed nucleus, blue/violet granules
   - release histamine during inflammation
4. Lymphocytes: huge nucleus
   - produce (B-cells) antibodies
   - Attack antigens (T-cells)
   - Attack abnormal (NK) cells
5. Monocytes: kidney shaped nucleus
   - become macrophage and phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells

Question 18

Arrange the leukocytes in ascending abundance.

Answer 18

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

Question 19

Identify these WBCs.

Answer 19

1. Neutrophil
2. Lymphocyte
3. Monocyte
4. Eosinophil
5. Basophil

Question 20

Platelets originate from breaking off of which cell membrane?
A. erythrocytes
B. thrombocytes
C. megakaryocytes

Answer 20

C. megakaryocytes